Cáncer pulmonar: prevención y pesquisa precoz

ResumenEl cáncer pulmonar es el más mortal de todos los cánceres. Debido a que la gran mayoría de los cánceres pulmonares son causados por el hábito de fumar, su erradicación es la mejor estrategia de prevención primaria. El diagnóstico del cáncer pulmonar en etapas tempranas mejora significativamente su pronóstico, por lo que ésta es la mejor estrategia de prevención secundaria. Recientemente se ha reportado que un programa de pesquisa de cáncer pulmonar con escáner de tórax (TAC) reduce la mortalidad por cáncer. El objetivo de esta revisión es, en primer lugar, apelar a la evidencia en cuanto al rendimiento de los programas de pesquisa de cáncer pulmonar en poblaciones de alto riesgo, y en segundo lugar, analizar las distintas estrategias que tiene un médico cuando se enfrenta a un paciente a quien se le ha encontrado incidentalmente un nódulo pulmonar.SummaryLung cancer is a deadly disease. Since this cancer is closely related to tobacco smoke, the best way to avoid this disease is smoking prevention. Unfortunately smoking is a worldwide epidemic and in Chile its prevalence is not decreasing. The second best strategy is an early detection. For the first time there is a report showing that screening with the use of low-dose CT reduces mortality from lung cancer. The prognosis is much better in early stages. The purpose of this publication is to review the evidence about screening of lung cancer, and to analyze the different strategies to deal, in the general practice, with a finding of a lung nodule

Caracterización de diferentes aceites de girasol ozonizados I. Cambios químicos durante la ozonización

Vegetable oils are usually rich in unsaturated fatty acids which are susceptible to oxidation. The oxidation of vegetable oils has been one of the most widely studied fields within lipid chemistry, because it alters their properties and nutritive value, inducing the formation of harmful compounds and off-flavors. Moreover, oxidized vegetable oils display altered physical and chemical properties which are conferred by the newer oxy-genated compounds they contain. This is the case of ozonized oils. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that mainly acts on olefinic compounds which generate ozonides and other peroxidic species that can decompose into carbonilic fragments. The action of the oxidant and the later reactions depend on the chemical environment of the reaction as well as the carbonyl termination products resulting from peroxide cleavage. In recent years, sunflower oils with different fatty acid compositions have been developed by breeding and mutagenesis. They displayed higher contents of oleic, stearic or palmitic acids, which mainly alters their triacylglycerol composi-tion. Therefore, four different sunflower oils, common, high oleic, high stearic-high oleic and high palmitic-high oleic, were oxidized with ozone and the progress of the reaction was monitored by measuring the level of oil peroxygenation and the changes in the oils’ fatty acid compositions. The peroxidated species formed during ozonation were studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. The main conclusions of this work were that ozonation caused linear oxidation rates that were similar in all the oils assayed. The addition of water accelerated oxidation, which tended to occur in linoleic polyunsaturated fatty acid The FT-IR pointed to the presence of ozonide-derived peroxides as the major oxygenated species.Los aceites vegetales son generalmente ricos en ácidos grasos insaturados susceptibles de oxidación. La oxi-dación de aceites vegetales ha sido un campo de estudio intensivo dentro de la química de lípidos ya que este proceso altera sus propiedades y valor nutritivo, induciendo la formación de compuestos perjudiciales y olores y sabores indeseados. Además, los aceites vegetales oxidados muestran propiedades físicas alteradas conferidas por los nuevos compuestos oxigenados que contienen. Este es el caso de los aceites ozonizados. El ozono es un agente oxidante enérgico que actúa sobre los compuestos olefínicos generando ozónidos y otras especies peroxídicas que se descomponen en fragmentos carbonílicos. La acción del oxidante y las reacciones posteriores dependen del entorno químico de la reacción además de los productos carbonílicos de terminación resultante de la rotura de los peróxidos. El aceite de girasol común es rico en oleico y linoleico, susceptibles de ataque oxida-tivo por parte del ozono. En los últimos años, aceites de girasol con composiciones diferentes de ácidos grasos se han desarrollado por selección y mutagénesis. Estos aceites muestran altos contenidos en oleico, esteárico o palmítico, los cuales alteran de manera importante su composición de triglicéridos. Este trabajo es el primero de una serie de dos en los cuales se estudian los cambios físico-químicos que dichos aceites de girasol experimentan durante la ozonización. Así, se oxidaron con ozono cuatro aceites de girasol diferentes, girasol común, alto oleico, alto esteárico-alto oleico y alto palmítico-alto oleico. Se monitorizaron las cantidades absorbidas de ozono, los niveles de peroxidación y los ácidos grasos que experimentaron oxidación. Las especies formadas en el proceso se estudiaron mediante espectroscopía FT-IR. El modo en que la composición de ácidos grasos del aceite afectó a las cinéticas de oxidación y los productos resultantes se comentaron a la vista de los resultados.Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) ICOOPCOOPB2015

Análisis de los factores de decaimiento en una repoblación de Pinus halepensis en el Sistema Ibérico zaragozano

Publishe

The 1989 and 2015 outbursts of V404 Cygni: a global study of wind-related optical features

The black hole transient V404 Cygni exhibited a bright outburst in June 2015 that was intensively followed over a wide range of wavelengths. Our team obtained high time resolution optical spectroscopy (~90 s), which included a detailed coverage of the most active phase of the event. We present a database consisting of 651 optical spectra obtained during this event, that we combine with 58 spectra gathered during the fainter December 2015 sequel outburst, as well as with 57 spectra from the 1989 event. We previously reported the discovery of wind-related features (P-Cygni and broad-wing line profiles) during both 2015 outbursts. Here, we build diagnostic diagrams that enable us to study the evolution of typical emission line parameters, such as line fluxes and equivalent widths, and develop a technique to systematically detect outflow signatures. We find that these are present throughout the outburst, even at very low optical fluxes, and that both types of outflow features are observed simultaneously in some spectra, confirming the idea of a common origin. We also show that the nebular phases depict loop patterns in many diagnostic diagrams, while P-Cygni profiles are highly variable on time-scales of minutes. The comparison between the three outbursts reveals that the spectra obtained during June and December 2015 share many similarities, while those from 1989 exhibit narrower emission lines and lower wind terminal velocities. The diagnostic diagrams presented in this work have been produced using standard measurement techniques and thus may be applied to other active low-mass X-ray binaries.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 23 pages paper, plus a 9 pages appendix with extra tables and figures. 18 figures are included in the paper and 8 in the appendi

Caracterización de diferentes aceites de girasol ozonizados II. Condensación de triacilgliceroles y propiedades físicas

Within the chemical transformations that vegetable oils undergo, oxidative reactions are one of the most widely studied. During the process of oxidation oils react with oxygen in their different forms to produce a large variety of chemical species that alter their chemical and physical properties. This work is the second of a series of two in which the action of ozone on different sunflower oils was investigated. Ozone reacts with double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids which produce different peroxidated species. The presence of altered triacylglycerol (TAG) increases the polarity of the vegetable oils and induces changes in their physical properties. Moreover, peroxygenation alters the aggregation of TAGs, favoring the formation of dimers or oligomers that can substantially change the melting and crystallization profiles of these oils. In the present work the effect of ozonation on four different sunflower oils was studied: common sunflower, high oleic sunflower and two highly saturated sunflower oils, high palmitic and stearic in a high oleic background. Furthermore, the species of TAGs from the different oils that were affected by the ozone oxidative attack were studied. The formation of polar compounds and TAG aggregates were investigated as well as the effect caused by them on the physical properties of the oils as studied through differential scanning calorimetry.Dentro de las transformaciones químicas que experimentan los aceites vegetales, las reacciones oxidativas son de las más ampliamente estudiadas. Durante el proceso de oxidación los aceites reaccionan con el oxígeno en sus distintas formas para producir una amplia variedad de especies químicas que alteran sus propiedades físico-químicas. Este trabajo es el segundo de una serie de dos en los cuales se investigó la acción del ozono sobre diferentes aceites de girasol. El ozono reacciona con los dobles enlaces de los ácidos grasos insaturados produciendo diferentes especies peroxigenadas. La presencia de triacilgliceroles (TAG) alterados incrementa la polaridad de los aceites vegetales y producen cambios en sus propiedades físicas. Además, la peroxidación altera el nivel de agregación de los TAGs, favoreciendo la formación de dímeros u oligómeros que cambian de manera importante sus perfiles de fusión y cristalización. En este trabajo se estudió el efecto de la ozonización de cuatro aceites diferentes: girasol común, alto oleico, y dos aceites alto saturado, alto palmítico y esteárico, en fondo alto oleico. Así mismo, se estudiaron las especies de TAGs de estos aceites que fueron afectadas por el ataque oxidativo del ozono. Se investigaron por lo demás la formación de compuestos polares y TAGs agregados, además del efecto causado por ellos en sus propiedades físicas mediante estudios de calorimetría diferencial de barrido

Results from PAMELA, ATIC and FERMI : Pulsars or Dark Matter ?

It is well known that the dark matter dominates the dynamics of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Its constituents remain a mystery despite an assiduous search for them over the past three decades. Recent results from the satellite-based PAMELA experiment detect an excess in the positron fraction at energies between 10-100 GeV in the secondary cosmic ray spectrum. Other experiments namely ATIC, HESS and FERMI show an excess in the total electron (\ps + \el) spectrum for energies greater 100 GeV. These excesses in the positron fraction as well as the electron spectrum could arise in local astrophysical processes like pulsars, or can be attributed to the annihilation of the dark matter particles. The second possibility gives clues to the possible candidates for the dark matter in galaxies and other astrophysical systems. In this article, we give a report of these exciting developments.Comment: 27 Pages, extensively revised and significantly extended, to appear in Pramana as topical revie

Pipe3d, a pipeline to analyze integral field spectroscopy data: II Analysis sequence and califa dataproducts

Presentamos una version mejorada de FIT3D, una herramienta de ajuste para el analisis de las poblaciones estelares y el gas ionizado en espectros de galaxias de resolucion intermedia. La misma se desarrollo para el análisis de datos de espectroscopía de campo integral y es la base de Pipe3D, un dataducto usado en el analisis de datos de los muestreos CALIFA, MaNGA y SAMI. Describimos la filosof´ıa y los pasos seguidos en el ajuste, presentando un conjunto amplio de simulaciones con el fin de estimar la precisión de los parametros derivados, mostrando el resultado de dichas simulaciones. Finalmente, comparamos el resultado del analisis con FIT3D y el obtenido mediante otros paquetes de uso frecuente, encontrando que los parametros derivados son totalmente compatibles.We present Pipe3D, an analysis pipeline based on the FIT3D fitting tool, developed to explore the properties of the stellar populations and ionized gas of integral field spectroscopy (IFS) data. Pipe3D was created to provide coherent, simple to distribute, and comparable dataproducts, independently of the origin of the data, focused on the data of the most recent IFU surveys (e.g., CALIFA, MaNGA, and SAMI), and the last generation IFS instruments (e.g., MUSE). In this article we describe the di fferent steps involved in the analysis of the data, illustrating them by showing the dataproducts derived for NGC 2916, observed by CALIFA and P-MaNGA. As a practical example of the pipeline we present the complete set of dataproducts derived for the 200 datacubes that comprises the V500 setup of the CALIFA Data Release 2 (DR2), making them freely available through the network. Finally, we explore the hypothesis that the properties of the stellar populations and ionized gas of galaxies at the e ffective radius are representative of the overall average ones, finding that this is indeed the case.Fil: Sánchez, S. F.. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Astronomia; MéxicoFil: Pérez, E.. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Sanchez Blazquez, P.. Departamento de Fisica Teorica ; Facultad de Ciencias ; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid;Fil: García Benito, Rubén. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Ibarra Mede, H. J.. Space Telescope Science Institute; Estados UnidosFil: González, J. J.. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Astronomia; MéxicoFil: Rosales Ortega, F. F.. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Optica y Electrónica ; MéxicoFil: Sánchez Menguiano, L.. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Ascasibar, Y.. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Facultad de Física. Departamento Astronomía y Meteorología; EspañaFil: Bitsakis, T.. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Astronomia; MéxicoFil: Law, D.. Space Telescope Science Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Cano Díaz, M.. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Astronomia; MéxicoFil: López Cobá, C.. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Astronomia; MéxicoFil: Marino, R. A.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Gil de Paz, A.. Australian Astronomical Observatory; AustraliaFil: López Sánchez, A.. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (iac); EspañaFil: Barrera Ballesteros, Jorge K.. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Galbany, Lluís. Millennium Institute Of Astrophysics; Chile. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Mast, Damian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Abril Malgarejo, V.. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Astronomia; MéxicoFil: Roman Lopes, A.. Universidad de La Serena; Chil

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median $z\sim 0.03$). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between $z\sim 0.6$ and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July