Identification of bovine virus diarrhea virus type-2 (BVDV-2) in southern Brazil

Amostras do vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVDV), denominadas de BVDV tipo 2 (BVDV-2), foram inicialmente identificadas em surtos de BVD aguda e enfermidade hemorrágica e têm sido isoladas predominantemente na América do Norte. O presente artigo descreve dois casos de enfermidade gastroentérica/respiratória seguidos de isolamento e identificação de amostras de BVDV tipo 2 no sul do Brasil. Os vírus foram isolados de duas novilhas de diferentes rebanhos. Um dos animais apresentou enfermidade aguda, cursando com anorexia, atonia ruminal, diarréia escura ou muco-sanguinolenta, tenesmo e descarga nasal muco-purulenta. O outro animal desenvolveu enfermidade de longa duração (7 meses), caracterizada por crescimento retardado, anorexia, quadros recorrentes de diarréia, dermatite interdigital, hemorragias digestivas e genitais ocasionais, conjuntivite, artrite e pneumonia crônica. Congestão disseminada das mucosas, ulcerações extensivas e profundas na língua, palato e esôfago, áreas necróticas na mucosa do rúmen, áreas de congestão e ulcerações cobertas com fibrina no intestino delgado foram os achados mais proeminentes. Antígenos do BVDV foram demonstrados por imunohistoquí- mica no epitélio da língua, nos pulmões e em linfonodos mesentéricos. Amostras não-citopáticas do BVDV foram isoladas em cultivo celular a partir de leucócitos e do baço dos animais afetados e identificadas por imunofluorescência. Caracteriza ção antigênica e análise filogenética desses isolados, e de outras duas amostras de BVDV isoladas de fetos coletados em matadouros, revelou tratar-se de BVDV tipo 2. A presença do BVDV tipo 2 na população bovina do Brasil possui um significado epidemiológico importante e pode ter conseqüências para o diagnóstico, estratégias de imuniza- ção e produção de vacinas.Highly virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates, named BVDV type-2 (BVDV-2), were initially identified in outbreaks of acute and hemorrhagic BVD and have been previously isolated mainly in North America. The present article describes two cases of gastroenteric/ respiratory disease in southern Brazil from which BVDV type 2 viruses were isolated. The viruses were isolated from two heifers belonging to different herds. One animal developed an acute disease, characterized by anorexia, ruminal atony, dark to bloody diarrhea, tenesmo and mucopurulent nasal discharge. The other animal developed a long lasting disease (7 months), characterized by retarded growth, anorexia, recurrent episodes of diarrhea, interdigital dermatitis, occasional digestive and genital bleeding, conjuntivitis, arthritis and chronic pneumonia. Disseminated mucosal congestion, extensive and deep ulcerations in the tongue, palate and esophagus, necrotic areas in the ruminal mucosa, areas of congestion covered with fibrin in the small intestine were the most prominent findings. BVDV antigens were detected by immunohistochemistry in the tongue epithelium, lungs and in mesenteric lymph nodes. Non-cytopathic BVD viruses were isolated from white blood cells and spleen from the affected animals through inoculation of cultured cells and demonstration of viral antigens by immunofluorescence. Subsequently, antigenic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of these plus two BVD viruses that have been isolated from healthy fetuses allowed their classification into the genotype 2. The presence of BVDV-2 among Brazilian cattle is epidemiologically relevant and may have important implications for diagnosis, immunization strategies and vaccine production

Identification of bovine virus diarrhea virus type-2 (BVDV-2) in southern Brazil

Amostras do vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVDV), denominadas de BVDV tipo 2 (BVDV-2), foram inicialmente identificadas em surtos de BVD aguda e enfermidade hemorrágica e têm sido isoladas predominantemente na América do Norte. O presente artigo descreve dois casos de enfermidade gastroentérica/respiratória seguidos de isolamento e identificação de amostras de BVDV tipo 2 no sul do Brasil. Os vírus foram isolados de duas novilhas de diferentes rebanhos. Um dos animais apresentou enfermidade aguda, cursando com anorexia, atonia ruminal, diarréia escura ou muco-sanguinolenta, tenesmo e descarga nasal muco-purulenta. O outro animal desenvolveu enfermidade de longa duração (7 meses), caracterizada por crescimento retardado, anorexia, quadros recorrentes de diarréia, dermatite interdigital, hemorragias digestivas e genitais ocasionais, conjuntivite, artrite e pneumonia crônica. Congestão disseminada das mucosas, ulcerações extensivas e profundas na língua, palato e esôfago, áreas necróticas na mucosa do rúmen, áreas de congestão e ulcerações cobertas com fibrina no intestino delgado foram os achados mais proeminentes. Antígenos do BVDV foram demonstrados por imunohistoquí- mica no epitélio da língua, nos pulmões e em linfonodos mesentéricos. Amostras não-citopáticas do BVDV foram isoladas em cultivo celular a partir de leucócitos e do baço dos animais afetados e identificadas por imunofluorescência. Caracteriza ção antigênica e análise filogenética desses isolados, e de outras duas amostras de BVDV isoladas de fetos coletados em matadouros, revelou tratar-se de BVDV tipo 2. A presença do BVDV tipo 2 na população bovina do Brasil possui um significado epidemiológico importante e pode ter conseqüências para o diagnóstico, estratégias de imuniza- ção e produção de vacinas.Highly virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates, named BVDV type-2 (BVDV-2), were initially identified in outbreaks of acute and hemorrhagic BVD and have been previously isolated mainly in North America. The present article describes two cases of gastroenteric/ respiratory disease in southern Brazil from which BVDV type 2 viruses were isolated. The viruses were isolated from two heifers belonging to different herds. One animal developed an acute disease, characterized by anorexia, ruminal atony, dark to bloody diarrhea, tenesmo and mucopurulent nasal discharge. The other animal developed a long lasting disease (7 months), characterized by retarded growth, anorexia, recurrent episodes of diarrhea, interdigital dermatitis, occasional digestive and genital bleeding, conjuntivitis, arthritis and chronic pneumonia. Disseminated mucosal congestion, extensive and deep ulcerations in the tongue, palate and esophagus, necrotic areas in the ruminal mucosa, areas of congestion covered with fibrin in the small intestine were the most prominent findings. BVDV antigens were detected by immunohistochemistry in the tongue epithelium, lungs and in mesenteric lymph nodes. Non-cytopathic BVD viruses were isolated from white blood cells and spleen from the affected animals through inoculation of cultured cells and demonstration of viral antigens by immunofluorescence. Subsequently, antigenic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of these plus two BVD viruses that have been isolated from healthy fetuses allowed their classification into the genotype 2. The presence of BVDV-2 among Brazilian cattle is epidemiologically relevant and may have important implications for diagnosis, immunization strategies and vaccine production

Serologic evidence of West Nile virus and Saint Louis encephalitis virus in horses from Southern Brazil

Flaviviruses as West Nile virus (WNV), Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Ilhéus virus (ILHV), and Rocio virus (ROCV) are previously reported in different Brazilian regions, but studies in Southern Brazil are still scarce. To improve the information regarding flaviviruses in Southern Brazil, horse serum samples were analyzed using RT-qPCR and a commercial ELISA-Ab against WNV followed by PRNT75. All 1000 samples analyzed by real-time RT-PCR resulted negative. The 465 subsampled samples were analyzed by a commercial ELISA-Ab against WNV, and the 18.5% (86/465) positive samples were further analyzed by PRNT75. In the PRNT75, 13/86 and 2/86 horses were positive for SLEV and WNV, respectively. It was observed that 5.8% (13/226) of the farms presented at least one positive animal for SLEV in PRNT75, whereas 0.9% (2/226) for WNV. Apart from the lower seroprevalences identified when compared to data previously reported in other Brazilian regions, our results suggest that public health professionals must be aware of the presence of these potential zoonotic pathogens