The Source Size Dependence on the M_hadron Applying Fermi and Bose Statistics and I-Spin Invariance

The emission volume sizes of pions and Kaons, r_{\pi^\pm \pi^\pm} and r_{K^\pm K^\pm}, measured in the hadronic Z^0 decays via the Bose-Einstein Correlations (BEC), and the recent measurements of r_{\Lambda\Lambda} obtained by through the Pauli exclusion principle are used to study the r dependence on the hadron mass. A clear r_{\pi^\pm \pi^\pm} > r_{K^\pm K^\pm} > r_{\Lambda \Lambda} hierarchy is observed which seems to disagree with the basic string (LUND) model expectation. An adequate description of r(m) is obtained via the Heisenberg uncertainty relations and also by Local Parton Hadron Duality approach using a general QCD potential. These lead to a relation of the type r(m) ~ Constant/sqrt{m}. The present lack of knowledge on the f_o(980) decay rate to the K^0\bar{K}^0 channel prohibits the use of the r_{K^0_SK^0_S} in the r(m) analysis. The use of a generalised BEC and I-spin invariance, which predicts an BEC enhancement also in the K^{\pm}K^0 and \pi^{\pm}\pi^0 systems, should in the future help to include the r_{K^0_SK^0_S} in the r(m) analysis.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, Based on an invited talk given by G. Alexander at the XXIX Int. Symp. on Multiparticle Dynamics, 9-13 August 1999, Providence RI, USA. (to be published in the proceedings of this conference

Quark-Antiquark Energy Density Function applied to Di-Gauge Boson Production at the LHC

In view of the start up of the 14 TeV pp Large Hadron Collider the quark anti-quark reactions leading to the final states W^+W^-, W^+-Z^0 and Z^0Z^0 are studied, in the frame workn of the Standard Model (SM), using helicity amplitudes. The differential and total cross sections are first evaluated in the parton-parton center of mass system. They are then transformed to their expected behavior in pp collisions through the parton-parton Energy Density Functions which are here derived from the known Parton Density Functions of the proton. In particular the single and joint longitudinal polarizations of the final state di-bosons are calculated. The effect on these reactions from the presence of s-channel heavy vector bosons, like the W' and Z', are evaluated to explore the possibility to utilize the gauge boson pair production as a probe for these 'Beyond the SM' phenomena.Comment: 15 pages and 8 figures

Analysis of common oral and topical dermatologic medication price variation by source

Online coupon retailers and pharmacies are popular sites that patients can access discounted medications when compared to cash prices. These sources are especially important for those patients without insurance. In our study, we analyzed commonly prescribed topical and oral medications and compared the cash prices to the discounted medications based on a typical month of usage. We found savings in every one of the medications that we analyzed, some with savings up to hundreds of dollars. Savings were present in all the sources analyzed, with the coupon-based programs often having the lowest price. We suggest certain alternative prescribing guidelines when considering patients who may not be able to afford cash prices of medications. Our hopes with this study are to quantify savings for discounted medications as well as to help physicians target more affordable medications for their patients

The occurrence and preservation of diatoms in the Palaeogene of the North Sea Basin

The often widespread occurrence of diatoms in the marine sediments of the North Sea Palaeogene has long been recognised. They occur in abundance through a number of intervals where calcareous microfossils are absent (due to palaeoenvironmental conditions and subsequent dissolution). However, poor preservation has previously impeded the taxonomic identification of these diatom assemblages, with most specimens occurring as pyritised inner moulds (steinkerns). This study has involved the first detailed description of these assemblages, which was achieved through the use of electron microscopy combined with comparisons with well-preserved specimens, and a survey of original species descriptions held in the Natural History Museum. These techniques have enabled the identification of a total of 79 species, 40 of which have not previously been formally described in pyritised form. Material analysed in this study (including samples from exploration wells and coeval onshore sections around the North Sea Basin) has led to the recognition of a number of diatom events which broadly form three major assemblages through the North Sea Palaeocene sequence. The lowermost is the most diverse, occurring within the volcaniclastic Sele and Balder formations and their onshore equivalents around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary interval. The relationship of abundant diatomaceous deposits to vulcanicity during this interval is discussed, together with other factors (including increased nutrient levels) encouraging the proliferation of diatoms. A later, less diverse assemblage in the mid Eocene includes more cosmopolitan species; above this is a distinctive Oligocene to mid Miocene assemblage. The state of preservation of diatom assemblages varies markedly around the North Sea Basin; this has been discussed and microprobe analyses conducted. A number of taxonomic revisions of previously published species (both pyritised and non-pyritised) have also been carried out, including translations of descriptions into English (and their emendment where necessary). A new genus, Cylindrospira (consisting of two species, C. simsi and C. homanni) is described which has no living representatives, but has features found in both extinct and extant genera. It is palaeoenvironmentally significant, occurring in a brackish facies of the Fur Formation diatomite, age-equivalent to one of the main diatomaceous intervals in the North Sea. Prior to this study, only fully marine diatoms had been documented from the Paleocene. Existing microfossil zonation schemes for the North Sea Palaeogene have been refined, by integrating diatom events with those of stratigraphically well-defined fossil groups such as foraminifera and silicoflagellates. This has ebabled their correlation with other sections, and an improved understanding of palaeocirculation changes through the North Sea Palaeogene

Discovering Unexpected Patterns in Temporal Data Using Temporal Logic

There has been much attention given recently to the task of finding interesting patterns in temporal databases. Since there are so many different approaches to the problem of discovering temporal patterns, we first present a characterization of different discovery tasks and then focus on one task of discovering interesting patterns of events in temporal sequences. Given an (infinite) temporal database or a sequence of events one can, in general, discover an infinite number of temporal patterns in this data. Therefore, it is important to specify some measure of interestingness for discovered patterns and then select only the patterns interesting according to this measure. We present a probabilistic measure of interestingness based on unexpectedness, whereby a pattern P is deemed interesting if the ratio of the actual number of occurrences of P exceeds the expected number of occurrences of P by some user defined threshold. We then make use of a subset of the propositional, linear temporal logic and present an efficient algorithm that discovers unexpected patterns in temporal data. Finally, we apply this algorithm to synthetic data, UNIX operating system calls, and Web logfiles and present the results of these experiments.Information Systems Working Papers Serie