32,190 research outputs found
Turbulence and turbulent mixing in natural fluids
Turbulence and turbulent mixing in natural fluids begins with big bang
turbulence powered by spinning combustible combinations of Planck particles and
Planck antiparticles. Particle prograde accretions on a spinning pair releases
42% of the particle rest mass energy to produce more fuel for turbulent
combustion. Negative viscous stresses and negative turbulence stresses work
against gravity, extracting mass-energy and space-time from the vacuum.
Turbulence mixes cooling temperatures until strong-force viscous stresses
freeze out turbulent mixing patterns as the first fossil turbulence. Cosmic
microwave background temperature anisotropies show big bang turbulence fossils
along with fossils of weak plasma turbulence triggered as plasma photon-viscous
forces permit gravitational fragmentation on supercluster to galaxy mass
scales. Turbulent morphologies and viscous-turbulent lengths appear as linear
gas-proto-galaxy-clusters in the Hubble ultra-deep-field at z~7. Proto-galaxies
fragment into Jeans-mass-clumps of primordial-gas-planets at decoupling: the
dark matter of galaxies. Shortly after the plasma to gas transition,
planet-mergers produce stars that explode on overfeeding to fertilize and
distribute the first life.Comment: 23 pages 12 figures, Turbulent Mixing and Beyond 2009 International
Center for Theoretical Physics conference, Trieste, Italy. Revision according
to Referee comments. Accepted for Physica Scripta Topical Issue to be
published in 201
Higher-order compatible finite element schemes for the nonlinear rotating shallow water equations on the sphere
We describe a compatible finite element discretisation for the shallow water
equations on the rotating sphere, concentrating on integrating consistent
upwind stabilisation into the framework. Although the prognostic variables are
velocity and layer depth, the discretisation has a diagnostic potential
vorticity that satisfies a stable upwinded advection equation through a
Taylor-Galerkin scheme; this provides a mechanism for dissipating enstrophy at
the gridscale whilst retaining optimal order consistency. We also use upwind
discontinuous Galerkin schemes for the transport of layer depth. These
transport schemes are incorporated into a semi-implicit formulation that is
facilitated by a hybridisation method for solving the resulting mixed Helmholtz
equation. We illustrate our discretisation with some standard rotating sphere
test problems.Comment: accepted versio
Gravitational hydrodynamics of large scale structure formation
The gravitational hydrodynamics of the primordial plasma with neutrino hot
dark matter is considered as a challenge to the bottom-up cold dark matter
paradigm. Viscosity and turbulence induce a top-down fragmentation scenario
before and at decoupling. The first step is the creation of voids in the
plasma, which expand to 37 Mpc on the average now. The remaining matter clumps
turn into galaxy clusters. Turbulence produced at expanding void boundaries
causes a linear morphology of 3 kpc fragmenting protogalaxies along vortex
lines. At decoupling galaxies and proto-globular star clusters arise; the
latter constitute the galactic dark matter halos and consist themselves of
earth-mass H-He planets. Frozen planets are observed in microlensing and
white-dwarf-heated ones in planetary nebulae. The approach also explains the
Tully-Fisher and Faber-Jackson relations, and cosmic microwave temperature
fluctuations of micro-Kelvins.Comment: 6 pages, no figure
Nanodiamond arrays on glass for quantification and fluorescence characterisation
Quantifying the variation in emission properties of fluorescent nanodiamonds
is important for developing their wide-ranging applicability. Directed
self-assembly techniques show promise for positioning nanodiamonds precisely
enabling such quantification. Here we show an approach for depositing
nanodiamonds in pre-determined arrays which are used to gather statistical
information about fluorescent lifetimes. The arrays were created via a layer of
photoresist patterned with grids of apertures using electron beam lithography
and then drop-cast with nanodiamonds. Electron microscopy revealed a 90%
average deposition yield across 3,376 populated array sites, with an average of
20 nanodiamonds per site. Confocal microscopy, optimised for nitrogen vacancy
fluorescence collection, revealed a broad distribution of fluorescent lifetimes
in agreement with literature. This method for statistically quantifying
fluorescent nanoparticles provides a step towards fabrication of hybrid
photonic devices for applications from quantum cryptography to sensing
Vortex-type elastic structured media and dynamic shielding
The paper addresses a novel model of metamaterial structure. A system of
spinners has been embedded into a two-dimensional periodic lattice system. The
equations of motion of spinners are used to derive the expression for the
chiral term in the equations describing the dynamics of the lattice. Dispersion
of elastic waves is shown to possess innovative filtering and polarization
properties induced by the vortextype nature of the structured media. The
related homogenised effective behavior is obtained analytically and it has been
implemented to build a shielding cloak around an obstacle. Analytical work is
accompanied by numerical illustrations.Comment: 24 pages, 13 figure
Tetrahydrobiopterin analogues with NO-dependent pulmonary vasodilator properties
Reduced NO levels due to the deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) contribute to impaired vasodilation in pulmonary hypertension Due to the chemically unstable nature of BH4 it was hypothesised that oxidatively stable analogues of BR, would be able to support NO synthesis to improve Endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension Two analogues of BH4 namely 6-hydroxymethyl pterin (HMP) and 6-acetyl 7 7-dimethyl 7 8-dihydropterin (ADDP) were evaluated for vasodilator activity on precontracted rat pulmonary artery rings ADDP was administered to pulmonary hypertensive rats followed by measurement of pulmonary vascular resistance in perfused lungs and eNOS expression by immunohistochemistry ADDP and HMP caused significant relaxation in vitro in rat pulmonary arteries depleted of BH4 with a maximum relaxation at 0 3 mu M (both P<005) Vasodilator activity of ADDP and HMP was completely abolished following preincubation with the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME ADDP and HMP did not alter relaxation induced by carbachol or spermine NONOate BH4 Itself did not produce relaxation In rats receiving ADDP 141 mg/kg/day pulmonary vasodilation induced by calcium ionophore A23187 was augmented and eNOS immunoreactivity was increased In conclusion ADDP and HMP are two analogues of BH4 which can act as oxidatively stable alternatives to BH4 in causing NO-mediated vasorelaxation Chronic treatment with ADDP resulted in Improvement of NO-mediated pulmonary artery dilation and enhanced expression of eNOS in the pulmonary vascular endothelium Chemically stable analogue, of BH4 may be able to limit endothelial dysfunction in the pulmonary vasculatur
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