GUT-Scale Primordial Black Holes: Consequences and Constraints

A population of very light primordial black holes which evaporate before nucleosynthesis begins is unconstrained unless the decaying black holes leave stable relics. We show that gravitons Hawking radiated from these black holes would source a substantial stochastic background of high frequency gravititational waves ($10^{12}$ Hz or more) in the present universe. These black holes may lead to a transient period of matter dominated expansion. In this case the primordial universe could be temporarily dominated by large clusters of "Hawking stars" and the resulting gravitational wave spectrum is independent of the initial number density of primordial black holes.Comment: 4 pages; grey body factors included in graviton emission calculations, and a couple of references added, but the conclusions are unchanged. v3 Minor changes to references and wording; final versio

Evidence for an Early High-Energy Afterglow Observed with BATSE from GRB980923

In this Letter, we present the first evidence in the BATSE data for a prompt high-energy (25-300 keV) afterglow component from a gamma-ray burst (GRB), GRB980923. The event consists of rapid variabilty lasting ~40 s followed by a smooth power law emission tail lasting ~400 s. An abrupt change in spectral shape is found when the tail becomes noticeable. Our analysis reveals that the spectral evolution in the tail of the burst mimics that of a cooling synchrotron spectrum, similar to the spectral evolution of the low-energy afterglows for GRBs. This evidence for a separate emission component is consistent with the internal-external shock scenario in the relativistic fireball picture. In particular, it illustrates that the external shocks can be generated during the gamma-ray emission phase, as in the case of GRB990123.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letter

Deterioration of western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) seeds: protein oxidation and in vivo NMR monitoring of storage oils

Deterioration of conifer seeds during prolonged storage has a negative impact on reforestation and gene conservation efforts. Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) is a species of tremendous value to the forest industry. The seeds of this species are particularly prone to viability losses during long-term storage. Reliable tools to assess losses in seed viability during storage and their underlying causes, as well as the development of methods to prevent storage-related deterioration of seeds are needed by the forest industry. In this work, various imaging methods and biochemical analyses were applied to study deterioration of western redcedar seeds. Seedlots that exhibited poor germination performance, i.e. those that had experienced the greatest losses of viability during prolonged storage, exhibited greater abundance of oxidized proteins, detected by protein oxidation assays, and more pronounced changes in their in vivo (13)C NMR spectra, most likely due to storage oil oxidation. The proportion of oxidized proteins also increased when seeds were subjected to accelerated ageing treatments. Detection of oxidized oils and proteins may constitute a reliable and useful tool for the forest industry

Hand osteomyelitis in arterial calcification, diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal failure : a comparison of 210 cases over 12 years

We present 210 patients with hand osteomyelitis in 246 rays over 12 years, including detailed analysis of 29 patients in this cohort with digital artery calcification evident on plain X-ray. Overall 71 patients had diabetes mellitus and/or end-stage renal failure, including 28 of 29 patients with calcification. In the calcification group, 17 patients had ipsilateral arteriovenous fistulae, five had steal syndrome and 15 had digital ulceration or skin necrosis. Compared with 181 controls, patients with calcification had more affected bones, polymicrobial infections, surgical procedures, phalanges and digits amputated and had higher mortality at 1 year (12 of 29) and 5 years (20 of 29), as a result of comorbidities. Absence of calcification in 43 patients with diabetes and/or end-stage renal failure was associated with better outcomes on all the above parameters. Early amputation to maximize disease-free survival may be appropriate for patients with hand osteomyelitis and arterial calcification

Polymorphisms in bovine immune genes and their associations with somatic cell count and milk production in dairy cattle

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is a major source of economic loss on dairy farms. The aim of this study was to quantify the associations between two previously identified polymorphisms in the bovine toll-like receptor 2 (<it>TLR2</it>) and chemokine receptor 1 (<it>CXCR1</it>) genes and mammary health indictor traits in (a) 246 lactating dairy cow contemporaries representing five breeds from one research farm and (b) 848 Holstein-Friesian bulls that represent a large proportion of the Irish dairy germplasm. To expand the study, a further 14 polymorphisms in immune genes were included for association studies in the bull population.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>TLR4-2021 associated (P < 0.05) with both milk protein and fat percentage in late lactation (P < 0.01) within the cow cohort. No association was observed between this polymorphism and either yield or composition of milk within the bull population. CXCR1-777 significantly associated (P < 0.05) with fat yield in the bull population and tended to associate (P < 0.1) with somatic cell score (SCS) in the cows genotyped. CD14-1908 A allele was found to associate with increased (P < 0.05) milk fat and protein yield and also tended to associate with increased (P < 0.1) milk yield. A <it>SERPINA1 </it>haplotype with superior genetic merit for milk protein yield and milk fat percentage (P < 0.05) was also identified.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Of the sixteen polymorphisms in seven immune genes genotyped, just CXCR1-777 tended to associate with SCS, albeit only in the on-farm study. The lack of an association between the polymorphisms with SCS in the Holstein-Friesian data set would question the potential importance of these variants in selection for improved mastitis resistance in the Holstein-Friesian cow.</p

Precession of a Freely Rotating Rigid Body. Inelastic Relaxation in the Vicinity of Poles

When a solid body is freely rotating at an angular velocity ${\bf \Omega}$, the ellipsoid of constant angular momentum, in the space $\Omega_1, \Omega_2, \Omega_3$, has poles corresponding to spinning about the minimal-inertia and maximal-inertia axes. The first pole may be considered stable if we neglect the inner dissipation, but becomes unstable if the dissipation is taken into account. This happens because the bodies dissipate energy when they rotate about any axis different from principal. In the case of an oblate symmetrical body, the angular velocity describes a circular cone about the vector of (conserved) angular momentum. In the course of relaxation, the angle of this cone decreases, so that both the angular velocity and the maximal-inertia axis of the body align along the angular momentum. The generic case of an asymmetric body is far more involved. Even the symmetrical prolate body exhibits a sophisticated behaviour, because an infinitesimally small deviation of the body's shape from a rotational symmetry (i.e., a small difference between the largest and second largest moments of inertia) yields libration: the precession trajectory is not a circle but an ellipse. In this article we show that often the most effective internal dissipation takes place at twice the frequency of the body's precession. Applications to precessing asteroids, cosmic-dust alignment, and rotating satellites are discussed.Comment: 47 pages, 1 figur

Inhibition and reversal of a TGF-β1 induced myofibroblast phenotype by adipose tissue-derived paracrine factors

Background Hypertrophic scarring results from myofibroblast differentiation and persistence during wound healing. Currently no effective treatment for hypertrophic scarring exists however, autologous fat grafting has been shown to improve scar elasticity, appearance, and function. The aim of this study was to understand how paracrine factors from adipose tissues and adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSC) affect fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation. Methods The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induced model of myofibroblast differentiation was used to test the effect of conditioned media from adipose tissue, ADSC or lipid on the proportion of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Results Adipose tissue conditioned media inhibited the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts but this inhibition was not observed following treatment with ADSC or lipid conditioned media. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was readily detected in the conditioned medium from adipose tissue but not ADSC. Cells treated with HGF, or fortinib to block HGF, demonstrated that HGF was not responsible for the inhibition of myofibroblast differentiation. Conditioned media from adipose tissue was shown to reduce the proportion of myofibroblasts when added to fibroblasts previously treated with TGF-β1, however, conditioned media treatment was unable to significantly reduce the proportion of myofibroblasts in cell populations isolated from scar tissue. Conclusions Cultured ADSC or adipocytes have been the focus of most studies, however, this work highlights the importance of considering whole adipose tissue to further our understanding of fat grafting. This study supports the use of autologous fat grafts for scar treatment and highlights the need for further investigation to determine the mechanism

Serum inflammatory markers and amputations in hand osteomyelitis: a retrospective review of 146 cases

Background: The diagnosis of hand osteomyelitis requires correlation of clinical, radiological, and microbiological findings. The role of serum inflammatory markers in diagnosing and prognosticating hand osteomyelitis remains uncertain. We sought to determine the utility of inflammatory markers in the diagnosis and follow-up of hand osteomyelitis, and their ability to predict outcomes, particularly amputation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 146 patients diagnosed with hand osteomyelitis and with serum inflammatory marker levels measured after the onset of symptoms and within 14 days either side of diagnosis. Blood results at first presentation including white cell count (WCC), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were reviewed, and associations with amputations assessed. Follow-up markers taken at 15 to 60 days from diagnosis were analyzed where available. Results: Mean WCC and CRP at diagnosis were 9.2 (SD: 4.6) and 30.2 (SD: 42.4) respectively, compared with 8.2 (SD: 3.9) and 30.2 (SD: 42.4) at follow-up. At diagnosis, sensitivity of CRP was 74%, and WCC was 31%. Each marker had a low positive predictive value for amputation at diagnosis (<29%). A rise in CRP between diagnosis and follow-up was associated with an increased risk of amputation compared with a fall in CRP. The finding that WCC and CRP were both normal at diagnosis had a high negative predictive value against amputation (96%). Conclusion: C-reactive protein has a higher sensitivity than WCC, NLR, and PLR when used as a diagnostic adjunct in hand osteomyelitis. White cell count and CRP both within reference ranges at diagnosis was highly negatively predictive against amputation

Extended Power-Law Decays in BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts: Signatures of External Shocks?

The connection between Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) and their afterglows is currently not well understood. Afterglow models of synchrotron emission generated by external shocks in the GRB fireball model predict emission detectable in the gamma-ray regime (\gax 25 keV). In this paper, we present a temporal and spectral analysis of a subset of BATSE GRBs with smooth extended emission tails to search for signatures of the ``early high-energy afterglow'', i.e., afterglow emission that initially begins in the gamma-ray phase and subsequently evolves into X-Ray, uv, optical, and radio emission as the blast wave is decelerated by the ambient medium. From a sample of 40 GRBs we find that the temporal decays are best described with a power-law $\sim t^{\beta}$, rather than an exponential, with a mean index $\approx -2$. Spectral analysis shows that $\sim 20$ of these events are consistent with fast-cooling synchrotron emission for an adiabatic blast wave; three of which are consistent with the blast wave evolution of a jet, with $F_{\nu} \sim t^{-p}$. This behavior suggests that, in some cases, the emission may originate from a narrow jet, possibly consisting of ``nuggets'' whose angular size are less than $1 / \Gamma$, where $\Gamma$ is the bulk Lorentz factor

Proximity-Induced Odd-Frequency Superconductivity in a Topological Insulator

At an interface between a topological insulator (TI) and a conventional superconductor (SC), superconductivity has been predicted to change dramatically and exhibit novel correlations. In particular, the induced superconductivity by an $s$-wave SC in a TI can develop an order parameter with a $p$-wave component. Here we present experimental evidence for an unexpected proximity-induced novel superconducting state in a thin layer of the prototypical TI, Bi$_2$Se$_3$, proximity coupled to Nb. From depth-resolved magnetic field measurements below the superconducting transition temperature of Nb, we observe a local enhancement of the magnetic field in Bi$_2$Se$_3$ that exceeds the externally applied field, thus supporting the existence of an intrinsic paramagnetic Meissner effect arising from an odd-frequency superconducting state. Our experimental results are complemented by theoretical calculations supporting the appearance of such a component at the interface which extends into the TI. This state is topologically distinct from the conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer state it originates from. To the best of our knowledge, these findings present a first observation of bulk odd-frequency superconductivity in a TI. We thus reaffirm the potential of the TI-SC interface as a versatile platform to produce novel superconducting states.Comment: Accepted version for publication in Physical Review Letter