Catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with symptomatic atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia: a randomized, controlled trial.

Aims: To conduct a randomized trial in order to guide the optimum therapy of symptomatic atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Methods and Results: Patients with at least one symptomatic episode of tachycardia per month and an electrophysiologic diagnosis of AVNRT were randomly assigned to catheter ablation or chronic antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy with bisoprolol (5 mg od) and/or diltiazem (120-300 mg od). All patients were properly educated to treat subsequent tachycardia episodes with autonomic manoeuvres or a 'pill in the pocket' approach. The primary endpoint of the study was hospital admission for persistent tachycardia cardioversion, during a follow-up period of 5 years. Sixty-one patients were included in the study. In the ablation group, 1 patient was lost to follow-up, and 29 were free of arrhythmia or conduction disturbances at a 5-year follow-up. In the AAD group, three patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remainder, 10 patients (35.7%) continued with initial therapy, 11 patients (39.2%) remained on diltiazem alone, and 7 patients (25%) interrupted their therapy within the first 3 months following randomization, and subsequently developed an episode requiring cardioversion. During a follow-up of 5 years, 21 patients in the AAD group required hospital admission for cardioversion. Survival free from the study endpoint was significantly higher in the ablation group compared with the AAD group (log-rank test, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Catheter ablation is the therapy of choice for symptomatic AVNRT. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy is ineffective and not well tolerated

Antiendothelial cell antibodies in patients with coronary artery ectasia

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery ectasia (CAE) have not been elucidated. Circulating antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECA) are often detectable in systemic vasculitis and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of endothelial injury. Their prevalence in CAE is not known. METHODS AND Results: Out of 475 consecutive patients subjected to coronary angiography, 27 patients were diagnosed with CAE. Thirty patients matched for age, body mass index, sex, and coronary artery disease prevalence, served as controls. Serum AECA of IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes were detected using a cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) were detected using indirect immunofluorescence. IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) were detected using commercial ELISA. The prevalence of ANA and ANCA was similar in CAE patients and controls (33.3 vs. 43.3%, and 3.3 vs. 7.4%, respectively). There was no significant difference in IgG or IgM aCL reactivity between patients and controls. Both CAE patients and controls were negative for IgG AECA. The frequency of IgM AECA positivity was similar in CAE patients and controls. The prevalence of AECA of the IgA isotype was significantly higher in CAE patients (37.0 vs. 10%, P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: There is increased prevalence of circulating AECA of the IgA isotype in patients with CAE. This provides evidence for a role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of certain cases of CAE. Copyright © 2010 Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins

Patient dosimetry during coronary interventions: A comprehensive analysis

Background We performed a detailed analysis of patient radiation during coronary interventions, comparing dose measurements to established dose reference levels, assessing coronary artery doses, and estimating total radiation risk of fatal cancer. Methods We prospectively examined 281 patients who were subjected to 307 percutaneous coronary interventions. Results The mean kerma area product (KAP) per procedure was 82.1 +/- 47.9 Gy. cm(2). Corresponding values for fluoroscopy and digital cineangiography were 28.3 +/- 25.5 Gy cm(2) and 53.8 +/- 35.5 Gy. cm(2), respectively, and exposure times were 13.1 +/- 6.8 minutes (87%) and 2.0 +/- 1.5 minutes (13%), respectively. The right anterior oblique caudal and left anterior oblique cranial projections accounted for the highest amount of KAP (24.0% and 23.1%, respectively) compared with other projections. The maximum recorded skin-dose was 182 mGy. Performing a representative procedure on a phantom, the effective dose was 14.9 mSv. The mean coronary dose was 61.7 +/- 38.2 mGy, with a highest calculated dose of 220.1 mGy. The third quartile of KAP measurements was 105 Gy. cm(2), the 95th percentile was 175 Gy. cm(2), and the mean value of KAP measurements was 82 Gy.cm(2). The total risk for the development of fatal cancer was calculated as 83 cases for every 100,000 patients subjected to coronary intervention. Conclusions A detailed analysis of patient radiation during coronary interventions is presented. Coronary doses and total radiation risk of fatal cancer are also calculated, and a method for establishing dose reference level values is proposed

Latent arterial hypertension in apparently lone atrial fibrillation

Introduction. Longitudinal studies on lone AF are rare and the incidence of hypertension in this population unknown. This study aimed at investigating the incidence of arterial hypertension in patients with apparently lone atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods and Results. Out of 292 consecutive patients presented with permanent or paroxysmal AF, 32 patients were diagnosed as having lone AF according to strict criteria. Three patients were subjected to ablation of the ligament of Marshall, 14 patients to pulmonary vein isolation, and the remainder were treated with beta blockade. Patients were followed-up for a 1-3 year period. During follow-up, 14 patients were diagnosed as having arterial hypertension. Thirteen of them had recurrent AF despite ligament of Marshall ablation (1 patient), pulmonary vein isolation (4 patients) and beta blockade (8 patients). Cox regression analysis revealed that the only significant predictor of development of hypertension was complete or partial response to antiarrhythmic therapy (beta = 3.82, S.E. = 1.22, exp(b) = 45.63, 95% C.I. = 4.17-499.2, p = 0.001), independent of age (beta = -0.01, p = 0.74), sex (beta = -0.91, p = 0.28), left ventricular ejection fraction (beta = 0.06, p = 0.52), left atrial size (beta = 0.58, p = 0.7) and kind of antiarrhythmic therapy (ablation or drug therapy) (beta = 1.36, p = 0.09). In patients with lone AF that did not respond at all to antiarrhythmic therapy, there was a 45.6 times higher risk of diagnosing hypertension during the next 3 years as compared to responders. Conclusion. Approximately 44% of patients with an initial diagnosis of lone AF may represent occult cases of arterial hypertension. In these patients hypertension may affect AF recurrence and treatment outcomes, regardless of the mode of antiarrhythmic therapy used

Effect of slow pathway ablation in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia on the electrophysiologic characteristics of the inferior atrial inputs to the human atrioventricular node

The inferior atrial extensions of the atrioventricular (AV) node have been related to the anatomic substrate of the slow pathway, but their role in AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is unknown. Ten patients with slow-fast AVNRT were studied before and after successful slow pathway ablation. Simultaneous His bundle recordings from the right and left sides of the septum were made during right and left inferoparaseptal pacing. Longer stimulus to His (St-H) intervals were measured during right inferoparaseptal pacing than during left inferoparaseptal pacing (284 +/- 55 vs 246 +/- 46 ms, p = 0.005 for right His recordings and 283 +/- 56 vs 244 +/- 46 ms, p = 0.005 for left His recordings) at similar coupling intervals during AVNRT induction. After ablation, the St-H intervals at the maximum AV nodal conduction decrement were similar during right inferoparaseptal and left inferoparaseptal pacing (217 +/- 32 vs 207 +/- 21 ms, p = 0.10 for right His and 215 +/- 32 vs 206 +/- 20 ms, p = 0.13 for left His) at similar coupling intervals. The difference (DeltaSt-H) between St-H intervals during AVRNT induction or at the maximum conduction decrement and during constant pacing for right His recordings with right inferoparaseptal pacing were significantly greater than DeltaSt-H measured with left His during left inferoparaseptal pacing (173 +/- 64 vs 137 +/- 55 ms, p = 0.005) before ablation, but not after (117 +/- 39 vs 100 +/- 40 ms, p = 0.44). Resetting of AVNRT with delivery of left inferoparaseptal extrastimuli was achieved in 7 of 10 patients. In conclusion, the electrophysiologic characteristics of the right and left inferior atrial inputs to the human AV node in patients with AVNRT and their response to slow pathway ablation provide further evidence that the inferior nodal extensions represent the anatomic substrate of the slow pathwa