Chimpanzee_variants

Variants identified in chimpanzee

Haplotype_table

List of haplotypes identified in 40 Asian chromosome

PFK activity.

<p>Activity of the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) in the glycolitic muscle (ME- extensor digitorum longus) was slightly higher when bicarbonate was infused (P = 0.067). Ctrl = end of lactic acid infusion (i.e 75′ after the start of acid load).</p

Lactate over time in the four groups.

<p>Lactic acid load caused blood lactate to rise in all groups (^# P<0.05 vs. time 0). After 135 minutes in the sustained groups blood lactate remained high both in the sustained (S) and the sustained+NaHCO₃ (S+B) group. In the transient (T) groups blood lactate levels after 135 minutes were different from values at time 75 minutes (° P<0.05). Animals that received NaHCO₃ (T+B) had higher lactate levels (* P<0.05 vs. transient group).</p

Blood lactate and blood glucose decrease in transient lactic acid infusion group.

<p>Decrease over time of blood lactate concentration and glycaemia in the animals with transient lactic acid infusion. Values are expressed as percentage decrease from time 75 to 135 (*P<0.05 vs. transient group).</p

Protocol overview.

<p>A schematic overview of the experiment flow is shown in the figure. The investigation consisted of an initial lactic acid load to induce lactic acidemia followed by randomization to sustained (S) or transient (T) lactic acid infusion with or without sodium bicarbonate (B) treatment.</p

Acid base variables and plasma chemistry.

<p>ANOVA P<0.05:</p>a<p>vs. 0,</p>b<p>vs. 75,</p>c<p>S vs. S+B or T vs. T+B.</p><p>BE, base excess; Lac, lactate concentration; Na, sodium concentration; K, potassium concentration; Cl, chloride concentration; SIDa, stron ion difference; iCa, ionized calcium concentration; Glc, glycemia; Hb, hemoglobin concentration.</p><p>Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.</p

Main characteristics of patients with septic shock at ICU admission.

<p>ICU: intensive care unit. SAPS II: simplified acute physiology score II (referred to the first 24 h from admission). SOFA: sepsis-related organ failure assessment (referred to the first 24 h from admission). Norepinephrine equivalent dose was calculated as norepinephrine (µg/min)+[dopamine (µg/kg/min)÷2]+epinephrine (µg/min)+[phenylephrine (µg/min)÷10] <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096205#pone.0096205-Russell1" target="_blank">[41]</a>. Central venous oxymetry was monitored in twenty-five patients; mixed venous oxymetry was monitored in five patients. Please note that most of the patients were firstly resuscitated in the Emergency Department and then transferred to the ICU.</p

Relationship between platelet and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biochemistry.

<p>Mitochondrial biochemistry was measured on platelets (Y-axis) and triceps brachii muscle (X-axis) of ten surgical controls (white dots) and thirty patients with septic shock (<24 h from ICU admission) (black dots). Results of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biochemistry of two patients are not available due to technical troubles. Activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH) (<b>A</b>), complex I (CI) (<b>B</b>), complex I and III (CI+III) (<b>C</b>), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) (<b>D</b>), complex II and III (CII+III) (<b>E</b>) and complex IV (CIV) (<b>F</b>) are expressed as percentages of citrate synthase (CS) activity (<b>G</b>). r² and p values refer to Pearson product moment test.</p

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial biochemistry during septic shock.

<p>Mitochondrial biochemistry was measured on triceps brachii muscle of ten surgical controls (white bars) and thirty patients with septic shock (<24 h from ICU admission) (black bars). Results of two patients are not available due to technical troubles. Activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH) (p = 0.369) (<b>A</b>), complex I (CI) (p = 0.021) (<b>B</b>), complex I and III (CI+III) (p = 0.286) (<b>C</b>), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) (p = 0.432) (<b>D</b>), complex II and III (CII+III) (p = 0.273) (<b>E</b>) and complex IV (CIV) (p = 0.760) (<b>F</b>) are expressed as percentages of citrate synthase (CS) activity (p = 0.458) (<b>G</b>). Data are reported as means and standard deviations. *p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> controls (Student’s <i>t</i> test).</p