13 research outputs found

    Etude du transport de molécules bioactives dans l'épiderme de fruits à pépins(Rosacea Juss) : mise au point et développement d'un procédé d'extraction de produits phytosanitaires

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    L’agriculture moderne utilise depuis plus de cinquante ans de nombreux produits phytosanitaires de traitement dans le but d’assurer les meilleurs rendements et de limiter les pathogĂšnes nĂ©fastes pour la santĂ© humaine ou animale. Jusqu’à peu, la quantitĂ© de rĂ©sidus phytosanitaires prĂ©sents dans les denrĂ©es alimentaires (fruits, lĂ©gumes, cĂ©rĂ©ales, plantes fourragĂšres, produits transformĂ©s
) Ă©tait certes contrĂŽlĂ©e mais en rĂšgle gĂ©nĂ©rale, ne soulevait que trĂšs peu d’interrogation en terme de consĂ©quences Ă  plus ou moins long terme. A l’heure actuelle, des exigences de plus en plus drastiques apparaissent et se gĂ©nĂ©ralisent. Les produits issus des industries agricole et agroalimentaire doivent rĂ©pondre Ă  des normes de plus en plus strictes en terme de rĂ©sidus pour rester compĂ©titives. En particulier, dans le cas des pommes, dont le nombre de traitements par saison est l’un des plus Ă©levĂ© en France, les exigences tendent vers le zĂ©ro rĂ©sidu dĂ©tectable. La stratĂ©gie de cette Ă©tude repose, dans un premier temps, sur la comprĂ©hension des phĂ©nomĂšnes de transfert Ă  la surface du fruit. Une caractĂ©risation physico-chimique de l’épiderme de diffĂ©rentes variĂ©tĂ©s de pommes a conduit Ă  l’identification des structures impliquĂ©es dans l’interaction molĂ©cule bioactivematrice biopolymĂ©rique. Le fludioxonil a Ă©tĂ© choisi comme molĂ©cule modĂšle en raison de sa frĂ©quence d’utilisation comme fongicide de conservation et de sa composition atomique (prĂ©sence de fluors). Les Ă©pidermes de pommes Fuji ont servi de matrice modĂšle. Dans un second temps, un procĂ©dĂ© de traitement par voie chimique des pommes a Ă©tĂ© mis au point et dĂ©veloppĂ© pour extraire les rĂ©sidus de 12 molĂ©cules de phytosanitaires parmi les plus couramment utilisĂ©es dans les vergers de pommiers du Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es. Trois variĂ©tĂ©s de pommes populaires en France ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©es pour leurs diffĂ©rentes pĂ©riodes de rĂ©colte correspondant Ă  des risques de contamination variables. Les rĂ©sultats ont conduit Ă  la proposition d’un schĂ©ma de dĂ©sorption des molĂ©cules bioactives dans la matrice biopolymĂ©rique, basĂ© sur les thĂ©ories de la solubilitĂ© de Hildebrandt et de Hansen. En complĂ©ment, le dĂ©veloppement d’une mĂ©thode analytique de quantification par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplĂ©e Ă  la spectromĂ©trie de masse trappe d’ions (GC/MS2) des molĂ©cules phytosanitaires dans la matrice Ă©pidermique des pommes a mis en Ă©vidence que : 1- l’augmentation de la concentration des analytes d’intĂ©rĂȘt au-dessus des limites de dĂ©tection de la technique analytique appliquĂ©e favorisait la quantification des trĂšs faibles traces, voire des ultratraces ; 2- les analytes d’intĂ©rĂȘt subissaient en parallĂšle des effets matrice nĂ©gatifs. Une forte interaction entre certains analytes de la matrice et les phytosanitaires a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e et une mĂ©thode de purification basĂ©e sur un couplage chromatographie sur couche mince haute performance avec la GC/MS2 (CCMHP/GC/MS2) a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e afin de minimiser les effets matrice nĂ©gatifs dan

    Matrix-Matching as an Improvement Strategy for the Detection of Pesticide Residues

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    More than 90% of the pesticides residues in apples are located in the peel. We developed a gas chromatography/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for investigating all detectable residues in the peel of 3 apple varieties. Sample preparation is based on the use of the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe method on the whole fruit, the flesh, and the peel. Pesticide residues were quantified with solvent‐matched and matrix‐matched standards, by spiking apple sample extracts. Matrix effects dependent on the type of extract (fruit, flesh, or peel) and the apple variety were detected. The best data processing methods involved normalizing matrix effect rates by matrix‐matched internal/external calibration. Boscalid, captan, chlorpyrifos, fludioxonil, and pyraclostrobin were the most frequently detected pesticides. However, their concentrations in the whole fruit were below European maximum residue levels. Despite negative matrix effects, the residues in peel were detected at concentrations up to 10 times higher than those in whole fruits. Consequently, other pesticide residues present at concentrations below the limit of quantification in the whole fruit were detected in the peel

    Evaluation and prevention of the negative matrix effect of terpenoids on pesticides in apples quantification by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

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    The sample matrix can enhance the gas chromatography signal of pesticide residues relative to that obtained with the same concentration of pesticide in solvent. This paper is related to negative matrix effects observed in coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ion trap (GC/MS2) quantification of pesticides in concentrated extracts of apple peel prepared by the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. It is focused on the pesticides most frequently used on the apple varieties studied, throughout the crop cycle, right up to harvest, to combat pests and diseases and to improve fruit storage properties. Extracts from the fleshy receptacle (flesh), the epiderm (peel) and fruit of three apple varieties were studied by high-performance thin-layer chromatography hyphenated with UV–vis light detection (HPTLC/UV visible). The peel extracts had high concentrations of triterpenic acids (oleanolic and ursolic acids), reaching 25mgkg−1, whereas these compounds were not detected in the flesh extracts (<0.05mgkg−1). A significant relationship has been found between the levels of these molecules and negative matrix effects in GC/MS2. The differences in the behavior of pesticides with respect to matrix effects can be accounted for by the physicochemical characteristics of the molecules (lone pairs, labile hydrogen, conjugation). The HPTLC/UV visible method developed here for the characterization of QuEChERS extracts acts as a complementary clean-up method, aimed to decrease the negative matrix effects of such extracts

    Study of the transport of bioactive molecules in the epidermis of one species of pomaceous fruits : development and improvement of an extraction process of plant-protection products.

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    L’agriculture moderne utilise depuis plus de cinquante ans de nombreux produits phytosanitaires de traitement dans le but d’assurer les meilleurs rendements et de limiter les pathogĂšnes nĂ©fastes pour la santĂ© humaine ou animale. Jusqu’à peu, la quantitĂ© de rĂ©sidus phytosanitaires prĂ©sents dans les denrĂ©es alimentaires (fruits, lĂ©gumes, cĂ©rĂ©ales, plantes fourragĂšres, produits transformĂ©s
) Ă©tait certes contrĂŽlĂ©e mais en rĂšgle gĂ©nĂ©rale, ne soulevait que trĂšs peu d’interrogation en terme de consĂ©quences Ă  plus ou moins long terme. A l’heure actuelle, des exigences de plus en plus drastiques apparaissent et se gĂ©nĂ©ralisent. Les produits issus des industries agricole et agroalimentaire doivent rĂ©pondre Ă  des normes de plus en plus strictes en terme de rĂ©sidus pour rester compĂ©titives. En particulier, dans le cas des pommes, dont le nombre de traitements par saison est l’un des plus Ă©levĂ© en France, les exigences tendent vers le zĂ©ro rĂ©sidu dĂ©tectable. La stratĂ©gie de cette Ă©tude repose, dans un premier temps, sur la comprĂ©hension des phĂ©nomĂšnes de transfert Ă  la surface du fruit. Une caractĂ©risation physico-chimique de l’épiderme de diffĂ©rentes variĂ©tĂ©s de pommes a conduit Ă  l’identification des structures impliquĂ©es dans l’interaction molĂ©cule bioactivematrice biopolymĂ©rique. Le fludioxonil a Ă©tĂ© choisi comme molĂ©cule modĂšle en raison de sa frĂ©quence d’utilisation comme fongicide de conservation et de sa composition atomique (prĂ©sence de fluors). Les Ă©pidermes de pommes Fuji ont servi de matrice modĂšle. Dans un second temps, un procĂ©dĂ© de traitement par voie chimique des pommes a Ă©tĂ© mis au point et dĂ©veloppĂ© pour extraire les rĂ©sidus de 12 molĂ©cules de phytosanitaires parmi les plus couramment utilisĂ©es dans les vergers de pommiers du Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es. Trois variĂ©tĂ©s de pommes populaires en France ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©es pour leurs diffĂ©rentes pĂ©riodes de rĂ©colte correspondant Ă  des risques de contamination variables. Les rĂ©sultats ont conduit Ă  la proposition d’un schĂ©ma de dĂ©sorption des molĂ©cules bioactives dans la matrice biopolymĂ©rique, basĂ© sur les thĂ©ories de la solubilitĂ© de Hildebrandt et de Hansen. En complĂ©ment, le dĂ©veloppement d’une mĂ©thode analytique de quantification par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplĂ©e Ă  la spectromĂ©trie de masse trappe d’ions (GC/MS2) des molĂ©cules phytosanitaires dans la matrice Ă©pidermique des pommes a mis en Ă©vidence que : 1- l’augmentation de la concentration des analytes d’intĂ©rĂȘt au-dessus des limites de dĂ©tection de la technique analytique appliquĂ©e favorisait la quantification des trĂšs faibles traces, voire des ultratraces ; 2- les analytes d’intĂ©rĂȘt subissaient en parallĂšle des effets matrice nĂ©gatifs. Une forte interaction entre certains analytes de la matrice et les phytosanitaires a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e et une mĂ©thode de purification basĂ©e sur un couplage chromatographie sur couche mince haute performance avec la GC/MS2 (CCMHP/GC/MS2) a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e afin de minimiser les effets matrice nĂ©gatifs dansFor more than fifty years, the modern agriculture uses lots of products for crop protection in order to ensure optimum yields and to limit pathogens harmful for human or animal health. Until recently, the levels of pesticides in foodstuffs (fruits, vegetables, cereals, forage crops, processed food
) were controlled but usually not problematic regarding the effects over time. Nowadays, more and more drastic requirements are appearing and becoming widespread. The products from farming and food industries must satisfy stricter and stricter standards in terms of residues for maintaining competitiveness. Particularly, for apples, whose treatments per season are among the highest in France, requirements tend to the zero detectable residue. The strategy of this work deals with, on one hand, the understanding of the transfert stages involved at the outer surface of the fruit. A physicochemical characterizations of epiderms of different apples led to the identification of the structures involved in the relationship between bioactive molecule and biopolymeric matrix. Fludioxonil was chosen for modelization for its frequency of use and for its atomic composition (fluorine). The epiderms of Fuji apples were selected as the matrix-model. On the other hand, a chemically treatment process of apples was studied and developed to release the residues of 12 pesticides among the most currently used in apple orchards of Midi-Pyrenees. Three varieties of apples among the most popular in France were selected for their different periods of harvest corresponding to variable pests risks. The results led to a possible scheme of desorption of bioactive molecules in the biopolymeric matrix, based on the theory of solubility developed by Hildebrandt and Hansen. In addition, the development of an analytical mehtod of quantitation of pesticides in the epidermal matrix of apples by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry ion trap (GC/MS2) highlighted that : 1- the increase of the concentrations of the analytes of interest over the limits of detection of the applied analytical method promoted the quantitation of very low traces, even ultratraces ; 2- the analytes of interest concurrently underwent negative matrix effects. A strong interaction between some matrix analytes with pesticides was demonstrated and a mehtod of cleanup based on the hyphenation of high performance thin layer chromatography with GC/MS2 (HPTLC/GC/MS2) was suggested to minimize the negative matrix effects in that kind of concentrated matrix extracts

    Hyphenation of planar chromatography to control the occurrence of pesticide residues in apples

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    Microémulsion écocompatible et procédé de fabrication d'une telle microémulsion

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    The invention relates to a microemulsion comprising: a) at least one ester, referred to as an odd acid ester, of general formula R1CO-O-R2 (I), in which: DEG R1CO- is an acyl group having a main chain comprising an odd number of carbon atoms of less than 19, DEG R2 is an alkyl group comprising from 2 to 5 carbon atoms, b) at least one additional fatty substance, different from each odd acid ester (I), and chosen from the group formed: DEG from monounsaturated aliphatic fatty acids, DEG from ethyl esters of monounsaturated aliphatic fatty acids, DEG from glycerol monoesters of monounsaturated aliphatic fatty acids, c) at least one nonionic surfactant chosen from the group formed from alkyl polyglycosides, d) at least one compound, referred to as a multifunctional cosurfactant, of general formula R6-CHOH-CHR7-NR8R9 (II), e) and water

    Bio-guided isolation of potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents from the stem bark of Trilepisium madagascariense

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    International audienceAim: This study describes the activity-guided isolation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents from Trilepisium madagascariense stem bark. Methods: The methanol crude extract of T. madagascariense was partitioned sequentially into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and the residual aqueous fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography and the structures of isolated compounds were elucidated using GC MS and/or NMR data by comparing with those reported in the literature. Antimicrobial activity was assayed by agar well diffusion and broth microdilution techniques on 8 bacteria and 10 yeasts. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging method. Results: The bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude methanol extract of T. madagascariense afforded two known compounds [vanillic acid (1) and isoliquiritigenin (2)] and two mixtures of fatty acids (n-hexane fraction and first column fraction of ethyl acetate fraction, F1). The fractionation of the crude methanol extract enhanced the antimicrobial activity. Compound 2 was generally more active than compound 1. For all the tested samples, the most sensitive microbes were Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 10541 (MIC range of 60-780 mu g/ml) for bacteria and Candida guillermondi (MIC range of 0.01-190 mu g/ml) for yeasts. The DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSa) of compound 2 (RSa(50)=28.73 mu g/ml) was comparable to that of the crude methanol extract (RSa(50)=29.92 mu g/ml). Conclusion: The antimicrobial activities and the antioxidant properties of the methanol crude extract, fractions and compounds 1 and 2 from the stem bark of T. madagascariense are being reported for the first time. These results may justify the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. (C) 2010 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
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