The Constitution Of Special Relativity

Lorentz transformation relations of special relativity are generally derived for light like intervals in almost all texts. The procedure assumes invariance of spherical wave front equation in all inertial frames. This paper deals with the derivation of the transformation relations of event coordinates together with Doppler formula from a single treatment by constructing identical length and time standard under identical conditions in compared frames. To meet this end critical review of the postulates of Special Relativity in the perspective of equivalence of length, time and mass standard followed by the meaning of phase of clock in any inertial frame is presented. It has been shown that special relativity is in reality a supreme creation of human mind where identical length and time standards being independent of the perspective are not naturally given but had been constructed under identical experimental condition in a scientific way so that observations from different frames can be compared using same system of units

Crystal structure and physical properties of half-doped manganite nanocrystals with size < 100nm

In this paper we report the structural and property (magnetic and electrical transport) measurements of nanocrystals of half-doped $\mathrm{La_{0.5}Ca_{0.5}MnO_3}$(LCMO) synthesized by chemical route, having particle size down to an average diameter of 15nm. It was observed that the size reduction leads to change in crystal structure and the room temperature structure is arrested so that the structure does not evolve on cooling unlike bulk samples. The structural change mainly affects the orthorhombic distortion of the lattice. By making comparison with observed crystal structure data under hydrostatic pressure it is suggested that the change in the crystal structure of the nanocrystals occurs due to an effective hydrostatic pressure created by the surface pressure on size reduction. This not only changes the structure but also causes the room temperature structure to freeze-in. The size reduction also does not allow the long supercell modulation needed for the Charge Ordering, characteristic of this half-doped manganite, to set-in. The magnetic and transport measurements also show that the Charge Ordering (CO) does not occur when the size is reduced below a critical size. Instead, the nanocrystals show ferromagnetic ordering down to the lowest temperatures along with metallic type conductivity. Our investigation establishes a structural basis for the destabilization of CO state observed in half-doped manganite nanocrystals.Comment: 11 pages, 13 Figure

Comparative Efficacy of an Organic Acid Blend and Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate as Growth Promoters in Broiler Chickens: Effects on Performance, Gut Histology, and Small Intestinal Milieu

This study evaluated the efficacy of organic acids as a growth promoter for broiler chickens relative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Broiler chickens were supplemented with graded doses of an organic acid blend (OAB, 1 g and 2 g/kg diet) and bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD, 0.5 g and 1 g/kg diet) for 35 days. Supplementation of OAB improved (P < .001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and increased protein accretion (P < .001). Dietary acidification caused pH of the gizzard to decline linearly (P < .01) with the dose of supplemental OAB. In the lower intestine, pH remained unaffected by dietary treatments. Unlike BMD, supplemental OAB selectively promoted growth of lactobacilli in the small intestine. Moreover, compared to BMD, OAB tended to maintain the villi in the small intestine at a greater height. Although benefits of exceeding the dose of supplemental organic acids more than 1 g/kg diet are not always conspicuous, based on the live weight and feed conversion data, supplementation of 2 g organic acid per kg diet may be recommended for total replacement of AGPs in broiler diet

Cloning and characterization of mutL and mutS genes of Vibrio cholerae: nucleotide sequence of the mutL gene

The mutL and mutS genes of Vibrio cholerae have been identified using interspecific complementation of Escherichia coli mutL and mutS mutants with plasmids containing the gene bank of V. cholerae. The recombinant plasmid pJT470, containing a 4.7 kb fragment of V. cholerae DNA codes for a protein of molecular weight 92,000. The product of this gene reduces the spontaneous mutation frequency of the E. coli mutS mutant. The plasmid, designated pJT250, containing a 2.5 kb DNA fragment of V. cholerae and coding for a protein of molecular weight 62,000, complements the mutL gene function of E. coli mutL mutants. These gene products are involved in the repair of mismatches in DNA. The complete nucleotide sequence of mutL gene of V. cholerae has been determined

Effects of Supplemental Exogenous Emulsifier on Performance, Nutrient Metabolism, and Serum Lipid Profile in Broiler Chickens

The effects of an exogenous emulsifier, glyceryl polyethylene glycol ricinoleate, on performance and carcass traits of broiler chickens were assessed. The emulsifier was added to the diet at dose rates of 0 (control), 1 (E1) and 2 (E2) % of added fat (saturated palm oil). Live weight gain (P < .07) and feed conversion ratio (P < .05) in 39 days were higher in the E1 dietary group. Gain: ME intake and gain: protein intake during the grower phase improved quadratically (P < .05). Gross carcass traits were not affected. Body fat content and fat accretion increased (P < .05) and liver fat content decreased (P < .05) linearly with the level of emulsifier in diet. Fat excretion decreased (P < .001) leading to increased ileal fat digestibility (P < .06) in the E1 group (quadratic response). Metabolizable intake of N (P < .1) and fat (P < .05) increased quadratically due to supplementation of emulsifier in diet. Metabolism of trace elements and serum lipid profiles were not affected. The study revealed that supplementation of exogenous emulsifiers in diets containing moderate quantities of added vegetable fats may substantially improve broiler performance

Continuous transition of social efficiencies in the stochastic strategy Minority Game

We show that in a variant of the Minority Game problem, the agents can reach a state of maximum social efficiency, where the fluctuation between the two choices is minimum, by following a simple stochastic strategy. By imagining a social scenario where the agents can only guess about the number of excess people in the majority, we show that as long as the guess value is sufficiently close to the reality, the system can reach a state of full efficiency or minimum fluctuation. A continuous transition to less efficient condition is observed when the guess value becomes worse. Hence, people can optimize their guess value for excess population to optimize the period of being in the majority state. We also consider the situation where a finite fraction of agents always decide completely randomly (random trader) as opposed to the rest of the population that follow a certain strategy (chartist). For a single random trader the system becomes fully efficient with majority-minority crossover occurring every two-days interval on average. For just two random traders, all the agents have equal gain with arbitrarily small fluctuations.Comment: 8 pages, 6 fig

Abnormalities in semen analysis among male partners of infertile couples: a study in a tertiary care level hospital of West Bengal, India

Background: The prevalence of infertility in the general population is 15%-20%. Of this, the male factor is responsible for 20%-40%.Analysis of semen is the most important diagnostic tool for evaluation of role of males in infertility. The study was conducted to determine the abnormalities in semen among male partners in infertile couples.Methods: A descriptive study with cross-sectional design among male partners of infertile couples was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Pathology at Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan in West Bengal during August 2011 to July 2012. Analysis of semen was done for semen volume, sperm number, sperm motility and presence of other cells.Results: 7.45% samples were of inadequate quantity. 19.87 % of cases had oligozoospermia, 12.42% had azoospermia and 4.35% of males had asthenozoospermia. Pus cells were found in 12.42% cases.Conclusions: Majority of the cases of infertility in males is due to oligozoospermia followed by azoospermia while less sperm motility or less amount of semen are also responsible in some cases

AN LC-MS/MS BASED BIOANALYTICAL APPROACH TO RESOLVE PHARMACOKINETIC INVESTIGATION OF ACOTIAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE AND ITS APPLICATION TO BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY

Objective: Acotiamide, a prokinetic drug used to treat Functional Dyspepsia, which acts by modulating gastric motility. However, in this present study, a simple and accurate bioanalytical method was developed for the estimation of Acotiamide in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and validated according to US-FDA guideline. Methods: The method was developed in blank human blood plasma; propranolol was used as internal standard (IS). Protein Precipitation technique was followed for the extraction of the drug from the plasma sample. In liquid chromatography, the C18 analytical column (50 x 3 mm, particle size-5 μm) was used; as a mobile phase, 0.1% formic acid in Mili Q water, and ACN with methanol (1:1) used, at 0.50 ml/min flow rate. Detection was done by positive electrospray ionization (ESI) with a run time of 7 min in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Eight calibration concentrations were taken, ranging from 1.5625-200 ng/ml for Acotiamide. Different stability studies were performed and obtained results found within the acceptable range. Moreover, a comparative pharmacokinetic analysis was done in 24 healthy human volunteers in a single dose, randomized, crossover study. Results: The precursor to production reaction was; m/z 451.200 → 271.200 for Acotiamide and m/z 260.300 → 116.100 m/z for IS. The obtained calibration curve was linear, with a mean r2value 0.9953. Among the pharmacokinetic parameters, Cmax and Tmax were 25.71±2.31,23.61±2.32 ng/ml; 2.54±0.12, 2.43±0.21 h for reference and test samples, respectively. Conclusion: No major adverse events were noted in the clinical phase, the developed method was accurate and linear; obtained pharmacokinetic parameters hence represented

Boiling Study of Nanofluid on Graphene Coated Substrate

A comparative study is done to understand the effect of variation in surface energy of substrates on boiling and dry-out characteristics of nanofluid. Droplet of TiO2 nanofluid on glass substrate shows strong pinning along the droplet perimeter. As the droplet evaporates, boundary of nanofluid droplet recedes slowly towards the center leaving a ring-shaped stain of concentrated nanoparticles. Surface energy of glass substrate is modified by graphene coating, confirmed by increase in contact angle. While boiling of nanofluid on graphene coated glass substrate shows an almost uniform dry-out pattern. Reduced wettability of nanofluid droplet on graphene coated glass substrate is responsible for this behavior

Drought Stress in Millets and Its Response Mechanism

Drought is a major abiotic stress that diminishes crop yield and weakens global food security, especially in the current emerging situation of climate change as well as increases in the prevalence and severity of stress elements. Millets are nutrient-dense and capable to resist variety of harsh environmental conditions, including lack of moisture. Millet’s crop has evolved dynamically in terms of morphology, physiology, and biochemically that allow them to flee and/or adapt to adverse environmental situations. Drought stress has a significant impact on the vegetative and reproductive phases of plants. Millets generate a very low yield compared to main cereals like wheat and rice, despite their agronomic, nutritional, and health-related benefits. It is necessary to understand how these complex features are regulated and ameliorated the impact of droughts on millet productivity. Keeping this in view, the present work aims to understand the processes used for reducing the negative impacts of droughts in the production of millets varieties using advanced agronomic management strategies (use of information technology) and the biotechnology (improvements in crop genetics)