Assessment of the Toxic Effect of Hexavalent Chromium on the Hematological Indices in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus

The presence of heavy metals, which are typically released into water bodies as a result of fast industrialization, causes the aquatic environment to become extremely contaminated. Chromium is one of the most common heavy metals in the environment and is used in several types of industries. The effect of sublethal toxicity of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) on hematological indices of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus has been analyzed following exposure of concentration 9.349 mg/L and 18.698 mg/L (10% & 20% of LC50 value) of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) as hexavalent chromium for 7, 15, 30 days. Hematological parameters are the most important indicators of fish health status. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Cr (VI) toxicity on hematological parameters in O. niloticus. The results show that hemoglobin percentage (Hb%), red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and platelet count level were significantly (P > 0.05) decreased and the total count of white blood cell (WBC) was significantly (P > 0.05) increased with increasing time of exposure at a concentration of 9.349 mg/L of K2Cr2O7 in the test groups compared to the control group. At the concentration of 18.69 mg/L, Hb%, RBC, MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and platelet count level were significantly (P > 0.05) decreased and the total count of WBC and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) value were significantly (P > 0.05) increased with the increasing time of exposure in the test groups compared to the control group. To study the R2 value of the linear regression equation, we found that the trend of the chronic toxic effect of hexavalent chromium at 60 and 90 days of both the sublethal concentrations 9.349 mg/L and 18.69 mg/L of K2Cr2O7, where the value of Hb, RBC, packed volume cell (PCV), MCV are found to drastically decreased and the value ESR and WBC are found to drastically increased in the experimental groups compared to the control group. The investigation recommended that the presence of hexavalent chromium in the aquatic medium has a strong impact on the hematological indices in O. niloticus

Entanglement of weighted graphs uncovers transitions in variable-range interacting models

The cluster state acquired by evolving the nearest-neighbor (NN) Ising model from a completely separable state is the resource for measurement-based quantum computation. Instead of an NN system, a variable-range power law interacting Ising model can generate a genuine multipartite entangled (GME) weighted graph state (WGS) that may reveal intrinsic characteristics of the evolving Hamiltonian. We establish that the pattern of generalized geometric measure (GGM) in the evolved state with an arbitrary number of qubits is sensitive to fall-off rates and the range of interactions of the evolving Hamiltonian. We report that the time-derivative and time-averaged GGM at a particular time can detect the transition points present in the fall-off rates of the interaction strength, separating different regions, namely long-range, quasi-local and local ones in one- and two-dimensional lattices with deformation. Moreover, we illustrate that in the quasi-local and local regimes, there exists a minimum coordination number in the evolving Ising model for a fixed total number of qubits which can mimic the GGM of the long-range model. In order to achieve a finite-size subsystem from the entire system, we design a local measurement strategy that allows a WGS of an arbitrary number of qubits to be reduced to a local unitarily equivalent WGS having fewer qubits with modified weights.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figure

Revealing Transition in Fall-off Rates of spin-s Ising Model through Multiqudit Graph states

A variable-range interacting Ising model with spin-1/2 particles exhibits distinct behavior depending on the fall-off rates in the range of interactions, notably non-local (NL), quasi-local (QL), and local. It is unknown if such a transition occurs in this model with an arbitrary spin quantum number. We establish its existence by analyzing the profiles of entanglement entropy, mutual information, and genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) of the weighted graph state (WGS), which is prepared when the multi-level maximally coherent state at each site evolves according to the spin-s Ising Hamiltonian. Specifically, we demonstrate that the scaling of time-averaged mutual information and the divergence in the first derivative of GME with respect to the fall-off rate in the WGS can indicate the transition point from NL to QL, which scales logarithmically with individual spin dimension. Additionally, we suggest that the existence of a saturation value of a finite number of qudits capable of mimicking the GME pattern of an arbitrarily large system-size can reveal the second transition point between quasi-local and local regions.Comment: 10 pages, 12 figure