Molecular Imprinting of Peptides and Proteins

Molecular imprinting described as a method utilized to create artificial receptors and antibodies by construction of selective recognition sites in a synthetic polymer can be a promising tool for generating peptide and protein artificial specific recognition sites. These materials, as potential antibody substitutes, have attracted great interest and attention in different fields such as peptide and protein purification and separation, chemical/electrochemical/optical sensors/biosensors, chromatographic stationary phases, and enzyme mimics. This review has focused on fundamentals of molecularly imprinted polymers in terms of selection of molecular template, functional monomer, cross linker, and polymerization format. Furthermore, several applications of peptide/protein-imprinted materials are highlighted and challenges regarding the intrinsic properties of peptide/ protein imprinting have been emphasized.HighlightsHighlights the fundamentals of peptides and proteins molecular imprinting.Summarizes the essential elements and polymer formats of peptide/protein imprinted materials.Highlights the applications of peptide/protein imprinting.Highlights the challenges in peptide/protein imprinting

Peptide and Protein Interaction Prediction and Intervention with Computational Methods

Proteins are the most fascinating multifaceted biomacromolecules in living systems and play various important roles such as structural, sensory, catalytic, and regulatory function. Protein and peptide interactions have emerged as an important and challenging topic inbiochemistry and medicinal chemistry. Computational methods as promising tools have been utilized to predict protein and peptide interactions in order to intervene in the biochemical processes and facilitate pharmaceutical peptide design and clarify the complications. This review will introduce the computational methods which are applicable in protein and peptide interaction prediction and summarizes the most successful examples of computational methods described in the literature.HIGHLIGHTS•Highlights the importance of peptides and proteins interactions.•Summarizes the computational methods which are applicable in peptide and protein interaction prediction.•Highlights the applications of computational methods in peptides and proteins interactions

A stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and amlodipine in commercial tablets

A simple, rapid, precise and accurate isocratic reversed-phase stability-indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin (AT) and amlodipine (AM) in commercial tablets. The method has shown adequate separation for AM, AT from their associated main impurities and their degradation products. Separation was achieved on a Perfectsil® Target ODS-3, 5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d. column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile–0.025 M NaH2PO4 buffer (pH 4.5) (55:45, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and UV detection at 237 nm. The drugs were subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis and heat to apply stress conditions. The linearity of the proposed method was investigated in the range of 2–30 μg/ml (r = 0.9994) for AT and 1–20 μg/ml (r = 0.9993) for AM. The limits of detection were 0.65 μg/ml and 0.35 μg/ml for AT and AM, respectively. The limits of quantitation were 2 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml for AT and AM, respectively. Degradation products produced as a result of stress studies did not interfere with the detection of AT and AM and the assay can thus be considered stability-indicating

MIP-based extraction techniques for the determination of antibiotic residues in edible meat samples : Design, performance & recent developments

Misusing or overusing antibiotics in livestock and poultry can result in the accumulation of mentioned drugs in the animal meat. Consequently, its consumption by humans and therefore increasing the risks of antibiotic resistance emergences. In order to decrease these risks, constant monitoring of the meat samples is necessary. Therefore, the concentration of antibiotics needs to be lower than maximum residue limits. As meat is a complex matrix, sample preparation is a mandatory step in the analysis. Molecularly imprinted polymers are one of the extensively studied tools in this aspect. These polymers exhibited great affinity and selectivity towards the target compound/s. In this work, a collection of studies from 2017 to 2021 is reviewed. Inclusion criteria were formed around papers incorporating molecularly imprinted polymers as a means of extraction or detection of antibiotics in meat samples. This review represents different synthesis methods of these polymers and their applications in the extraction and determination of antibiotics from meat samples. It also demonstrates the advantages, gaps and weakness of these systems in the food chemistry field. It can also act as a guide for the design and development of novel polymer-based analytical methods for food applications. Throughout this review, the methods for determination of antibiotic residues in food samples using conventional and novel MIP based techniques are discussed, by coupling MIPs with other analytical techniques, Limit of detection and quantification and recovery rates will improve significantly, which results in designing of platforms in food chemistry analysis with higher efficacy.Peer reviewe

Nano-targeted drug delivery approaches for bacterial infections

Microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, can cause infectious diseases. Among these, bacteria are the most important cause of infection-associated death in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The advent of antibiotics in the 1940s has led to the treatment of many bacterial diseases. However, conventional antibiotics still face limitations, such as low bioavailability and antibiotic resistance. Recently, nano-targeted drug delivery systems have been used to increase the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics. These systems can be used for this purpose through passive or active targeting by size-induced selective extravasation at the infected site or the presence of specific ligands on the surface of designed nanoparticles. The present book chapter aims to highlight the nano-targeted drug delivery system applications in bacterial infections. It is hoped that this chapter opens new prospects for the use of nanoparticles towards bacterial infections.</p

Microporous metal–organic frameworks:Synthesis and applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as porous hybrid materials composed of metal ions and organic ligands. MOFs have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their promising characteristics, including high porosity, surface area, and drug loading capacity, tunable pore size and structure, good biodegradability and biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization. MOFs are categorized into three groups based on their pore widths, including microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous MOFs. MOFs with micropores have shown special features. The internal pore widths of microporous MOFs are less than 2 nm, which leads to their high porosity and surface area. Microporous MOFs could be synthesized through different strategies, including modulator-induced defect-formation, structure-directing agents, pillared-layer assembly, bridging helical chain secondary building units, coordination capabilities of P[dbnd]O moieties in the structure of a ligand, and using octahedral cage-like building units. Because of their unique properties, microporous MOFs have shown great potential for many applications such as separation, storage, catalysis, and sensing. A description of synthesis approaches and applications of microporous MOFs in recent years is provided in this review

Nano-targeted drug delivery approaches for bacterial infections

Microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, can cause infectious diseases. Among these, bacteria are the most important cause of infection-associated death in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The advent of antibiotics in the 1940s has led to the treatment of many bacterial diseases. However, conventional antibiotics still face limitations, such as low bioavailability and antibiotic resistance. Recently, nano-targeted drug delivery systems have been used to increase the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics. These systems can be used for this purpose through passive or active targeting by size-induced selective extravasation at the infected site or the presence of specific ligands on the surface of designed nanoparticles. The present book chapter aims to highlight the nano-targeted drug delivery system applications in bacterial infections. It is hoped that this chapter opens new prospects for the use of nanoparticles towards bacterial infections