Ex^2Box: Interdependent Modes of Binding in a Two-Nanometer-Long Synthetic Receptor

Incorporation of two biphenylene-bridged 4,4′-bipyridinium extended viologen units into a para-phenylene-based cyclophane results in a synthetic receptor that is 2 nm long and adopts a box-like geometry. This cyclophane, Ex^2Box^4+, possesses the ability to form binary and ternary complexes with a myriad of guest molecules ranging from long π-electron-rich polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as tetracene, tetraphene, and chrysene, to π-electron-poor 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and both the 9,10- and 1,4-anthraquinone molecules. Moreover, Ex^2Box^4+ is capable of forming one-to-one complexes with polyether macrocycles that consist of two π-electron-rich dioxynaphthalene units, namely, 1,5-dinaphtho[38]crown-10. This type of broad molecular recognition is possible because the electronic constitution of Ex^2Box^4+ is such that the pyridinium rings located at the “ends” of the cyclophane are electron-poor and prefer to enter into donor–acceptor interactions with π-electron-rich guests, while the “middle” of the cyclophane, consisting of the biphenylene spacer, is more electron-rich and can interact with π-electron-poor guests. In some cases, these different modes of binding can act in concert to generate one-to-one complexes which possess high stability constants in organic media. The binding affinity of Ex^2Box^4+ was investigated in the solid state by way of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by using UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy for 12 inclusion complexes consisting of the tetracationic cyclophane and the corresponding guests of different sizes, shapes, and electronic compositions. Additionally, density functional theory was carried out to elucidate the relative energetic differences between the different modes of binding of Ex^2Box^4+ with anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone, and 1,4-anthraquinone in order to understand the degree with which each mode of binding contributes to the overall encapsulation of each guest

Några pedagogers uppfattningar om barn med autism och inkludering i förskolan

Syftet var att lyfta fram pedagogernas upplevelser, syn och arbetssätt gällande inkludering av barn med autism på förskolan. Syftet var vidare att ge en inblick i specialpedagogens syn på inkluderingsbegreppet när det gäller barn med autism. Detta arbete har inriktat sig på kvalitativa intervjuer som metod, där intervju med fem förskolepedagoger och en specialpedagog har använts. Specialpedagogen lyfte fram frågan vad inkludering egentligen innebär i praktiken och vikten av delaktighet gällande barn med autism på förskolan. Pedagogerna ansåg enligt resultat från intervjuerna att de upplevde ett dilemma för sitt ansvar för hela gruppen och att det tar mycket tid att hinna gå på möten med olika team som arbetar kring barnet med autism. Då framkom det att i många fall var assistenten som tog ställning och ansvar om barnet skulle vara med på olika planerade aktiviteter. Ett centralt resultat i min studie är att det är av största vikt hur personalen förhåller sig till barnet med autism. Ett förhållningssätt som är av betydelse för hur de övriga barnen på avdelningen skall acceptera och tolerera ett mindre vanligt beteende eller inte. Pedagogerna gav uttryck för att de uppfattade att de andra barnen tyckte det var naturligt och såg inte barnet med autism som något konstigt, skrämmande eller främmande. Detta förhållningssätt påverkar hela gruppen på ett positivt sätt vilket i sin tur leder till en bättre social miljö och lärandeförhållande för alla barn på avdelningen

Ex²Box: Interdependent Modes of Binding in a Two-Nanometer-Long Synthetic Receptor

Incorporation of two biphenylene-bridged 4,4′-bipyridinium extended viologen units into a <i>para</i>-phenylene-based cyclophane results in a synthetic receptor that is ∼2 nm long and adopts a box-like geometry. This cyclophane, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b>, possesses the ability to form binary and ternary complexes with a myriad of guest molecules ranging from long π-electron-rich polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as tetracene, tetraphene, and chrysene, to π-electron-poor 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and both the 9,10- and 1,4-anthraquinone molecules. Moreover, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is capable of forming one-to-one complexes with polyether macrocycles that consist of two π-electron-rich dioxynaphthalene units, namely, 1,5-dinaphtho[38]­crown-10. This type of broad molecular recognition is possible because the electronic constitution of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is such that the pyridinium rings located at the “ends” of the cyclophane are electron-poor and prefer to enter into donor–acceptor interactions with π-electron-rich guests, while the “middle” of the cyclophane, consisting of the biphenylene spacer, is more electron-rich and can interact with π-electron-poor guests. In some cases, these different modes of binding can act in concert to generate one-to-one complexes which possess high stability constants in organic media. The binding affinity of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> was investigated in the solid state by way of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by using UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy for 12 inclusion complexes consisting of the tetracationic cyclophane and the corresponding guests of different sizes, shapes, and electronic compositions. Additionally, density functional theory was carried out to elucidate the relative energetic differences between the different modes of binding of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> with anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone, and 1,4-anthraquinone in order to understand the degree with which each mode of binding contributes to the overall encapsulation of each guest

Ex²Box: Interdependent Modes of Binding in a Two-Nanometer-Long Synthetic Receptor

Incorporation of two biphenylene-bridged 4,4′-bipyridinium extended viologen units into a <i>para</i>-phenylene-based cyclophane results in a synthetic receptor that is ∼2 nm long and adopts a box-like geometry. This cyclophane, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b>, possesses the ability to form binary and ternary complexes with a myriad of guest molecules ranging from long π-electron-rich polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as tetracene, tetraphene, and chrysene, to π-electron-poor 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and both the 9,10- and 1,4-anthraquinone molecules. Moreover, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is capable of forming one-to-one complexes with polyether macrocycles that consist of two π-electron-rich dioxynaphthalene units, namely, 1,5-dinaphtho[38]­crown-10. This type of broad molecular recognition is possible because the electronic constitution of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is such that the pyridinium rings located at the “ends” of the cyclophane are electron-poor and prefer to enter into donor–acceptor interactions with π-electron-rich guests, while the “middle” of the cyclophane, consisting of the biphenylene spacer, is more electron-rich and can interact with π-electron-poor guests. In some cases, these different modes of binding can act in concert to generate one-to-one complexes which possess high stability constants in organic media. The binding affinity of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> was investigated in the solid state by way of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by using UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy for 12 inclusion complexes consisting of the tetracationic cyclophane and the corresponding guests of different sizes, shapes, and electronic compositions. Additionally, density functional theory was carried out to elucidate the relative energetic differences between the different modes of binding of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> with anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone, and 1,4-anthraquinone in order to understand the degree with which each mode of binding contributes to the overall encapsulation of each guest

Ex²Box: Interdependent Modes of Binding in a Two-Nanometer-Long Synthetic Receptor

Incorporation of two biphenylene-bridged 4,4′-bipyridinium extended viologen units into a <i>para</i>-phenylene-based cyclophane results in a synthetic receptor that is ∼2 nm long and adopts a box-like geometry. This cyclophane, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b>, possesses the ability to form binary and ternary complexes with a myriad of guest molecules ranging from long π-electron-rich polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as tetracene, tetraphene, and chrysene, to π-electron-poor 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and both the 9,10- and 1,4-anthraquinone molecules. Moreover, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is capable of forming one-to-one complexes with polyether macrocycles that consist of two π-electron-rich dioxynaphthalene units, namely, 1,5-dinaphtho[38]­crown-10. This type of broad molecular recognition is possible because the electronic constitution of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is such that the pyridinium rings located at the “ends” of the cyclophane are electron-poor and prefer to enter into donor–acceptor interactions with π-electron-rich guests, while the “middle” of the cyclophane, consisting of the biphenylene spacer, is more electron-rich and can interact with π-electron-poor guests. In some cases, these different modes of binding can act in concert to generate one-to-one complexes which possess high stability constants in organic media. The binding affinity of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> was investigated in the solid state by way of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by using UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy for 12 inclusion complexes consisting of the tetracationic cyclophane and the corresponding guests of different sizes, shapes, and electronic compositions. Additionally, density functional theory was carried out to elucidate the relative energetic differences between the different modes of binding of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> with anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone, and 1,4-anthraquinone in order to understand the degree with which each mode of binding contributes to the overall encapsulation of each guest

Ex²Box: Interdependent Modes of Binding in a Two-Nanometer-Long Synthetic Receptor

Incorporation of two biphenylene-bridged 4,4′-bipyridinium extended viologen units into a <i>para</i>-phenylene-based cyclophane results in a synthetic receptor that is ∼2 nm long and adopts a box-like geometry. This cyclophane, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b>, possesses the ability to form binary and ternary complexes with a myriad of guest molecules ranging from long π-electron-rich polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as tetracene, tetraphene, and chrysene, to π-electron-poor 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and both the 9,10- and 1,4-anthraquinone molecules. Moreover, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is capable of forming one-to-one complexes with polyether macrocycles that consist of two π-electron-rich dioxynaphthalene units, namely, 1,5-dinaphtho[38]­crown-10. This type of broad molecular recognition is possible because the electronic constitution of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is such that the pyridinium rings located at the “ends” of the cyclophane are electron-poor and prefer to enter into donor–acceptor interactions with π-electron-rich guests, while the “middle” of the cyclophane, consisting of the biphenylene spacer, is more electron-rich and can interact with π-electron-poor guests. In some cases, these different modes of binding can act in concert to generate one-to-one complexes which possess high stability constants in organic media. The binding affinity of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> was investigated in the solid state by way of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by using UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy for 12 inclusion complexes consisting of the tetracationic cyclophane and the corresponding guests of different sizes, shapes, and electronic compositions. Additionally, density functional theory was carried out to elucidate the relative energetic differences between the different modes of binding of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> with anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone, and 1,4-anthraquinone in order to understand the degree with which each mode of binding contributes to the overall encapsulation of each guest

Ex²Box: Interdependent Modes of Binding in a Two-Nanometer-Long Synthetic Receptor

Incorporation of two biphenylene-bridged 4,4′-bipyridinium extended viologen units into a <i>para</i>-phenylene-based cyclophane results in a synthetic receptor that is ∼2 nm long and adopts a box-like geometry. This cyclophane, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b>, possesses the ability to form binary and ternary complexes with a myriad of guest molecules ranging from long π-electron-rich polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as tetracene, tetraphene, and chrysene, to π-electron-poor 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and both the 9,10- and 1,4-anthraquinone molecules. Moreover, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is capable of forming one-to-one complexes with polyether macrocycles that consist of two π-electron-rich dioxynaphthalene units, namely, 1,5-dinaphtho[38]­crown-10. This type of broad molecular recognition is possible because the electronic constitution of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is such that the pyridinium rings located at the “ends” of the cyclophane are electron-poor and prefer to enter into donor–acceptor interactions with π-electron-rich guests, while the “middle” of the cyclophane, consisting of the biphenylene spacer, is more electron-rich and can interact with π-electron-poor guests. In some cases, these different modes of binding can act in concert to generate one-to-one complexes which possess high stability constants in organic media. The binding affinity of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> was investigated in the solid state by way of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by using UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy for 12 inclusion complexes consisting of the tetracationic cyclophane and the corresponding guests of different sizes, shapes, and electronic compositions. Additionally, density functional theory was carried out to elucidate the relative energetic differences between the different modes of binding of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> with anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone, and 1,4-anthraquinone in order to understand the degree with which each mode of binding contributes to the overall encapsulation of each guest

Ex²Box: Interdependent Modes of Binding in a Two-Nanometer-Long Synthetic Receptor

Incorporation of two biphenylene-bridged 4,4′-bipyridinium extended viologen units into a <i>para</i>-phenylene-based cyclophane results in a synthetic receptor that is ∼2 nm long and adopts a box-like geometry. This cyclophane, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b>, possesses the ability to form binary and ternary complexes with a myriad of guest molecules ranging from long π-electron-rich polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as tetracene, tetraphene, and chrysene, to π-electron-poor 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and both the 9,10- and 1,4-anthraquinone molecules. Moreover, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is capable of forming one-to-one complexes with polyether macrocycles that consist of two π-electron-rich dioxynaphthalene units, namely, 1,5-dinaphtho[38]­crown-10. This type of broad molecular recognition is possible because the electronic constitution of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is such that the pyridinium rings located at the “ends” of the cyclophane are electron-poor and prefer to enter into donor–acceptor interactions with π-electron-rich guests, while the “middle” of the cyclophane, consisting of the biphenylene spacer, is more electron-rich and can interact with π-electron-poor guests. In some cases, these different modes of binding can act in concert to generate one-to-one complexes which possess high stability constants in organic media. The binding affinity of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> was investigated in the solid state by way of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by using UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy for 12 inclusion complexes consisting of the tetracationic cyclophane and the corresponding guests of different sizes, shapes, and electronic compositions. Additionally, density functional theory was carried out to elucidate the relative energetic differences between the different modes of binding of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> with anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone, and 1,4-anthraquinone in order to understand the degree with which each mode of binding contributes to the overall encapsulation of each guest

Ex²Box: Interdependent Modes of Binding in a Two-Nanometer-Long Synthetic Receptor

Incorporation of two biphenylene-bridged 4,4′-bipyridinium extended viologen units into a <i>para</i>-phenylene-based cyclophane results in a synthetic receptor that is ∼2 nm long and adopts a box-like geometry. This cyclophane, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b>, possesses the ability to form binary and ternary complexes with a myriad of guest molecules ranging from long π-electron-rich polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as tetracene, tetraphene, and chrysene, to π-electron-poor 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and both the 9,10- and 1,4-anthraquinone molecules. Moreover, <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is capable of forming one-to-one complexes with polyether macrocycles that consist of two π-electron-rich dioxynaphthalene units, namely, 1,5-dinaphtho[38]­crown-10. This type of broad molecular recognition is possible because the electronic constitution of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> is such that the pyridinium rings located at the “ends” of the cyclophane are electron-poor and prefer to enter into donor–acceptor interactions with π-electron-rich guests, while the “middle” of the cyclophane, consisting of the biphenylene spacer, is more electron-rich and can interact with π-electron-poor guests. In some cases, these different modes of binding can act in concert to generate one-to-one complexes which possess high stability constants in organic media. The binding affinity of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> was investigated in the solid state by way of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by using UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy for 12 inclusion complexes consisting of the tetracationic cyclophane and the corresponding guests of different sizes, shapes, and electronic compositions. Additionally, density functional theory was carried out to elucidate the relative energetic differences between the different modes of binding of <b>Ex</b>^<b>2</b><b>Box</b>^<b>4+</b> with anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone, and 1,4-anthraquinone in order to understand the degree with which each mode of binding contributes to the overall encapsulation of each guest