Comparison of Disinfection Activities of Nicotine with Copper Sulphate in water Containing Limnatis nilotica

In this study, we investigated the potential use of nicotine in controlling water polluted by leeches. The nicotine and copper sulphate LC50 values were also determined following 30 min exposure. The anti parasitic effect of nicotine was also compared with that of copper sulphate as positive control. The anti-leech effect of nicotine was evaluated against Limnatis nilotica in which the number of dead and alive leeches in each utensil was counted for 30 min. The positive control group was copper sulphate and the negative control was distilled water. Our data showed that the LD50 value for nicotine was 6/10(3) ppm with mean death time of 1.25 +/- 0.45 min while the LD50 value for copper sulphate was 637/10(2) ppm with a mean death time of 12.00 +/- 3.69 min. Based on the obtained results nicotine is highly effective on leeches and might be used for disinfection purposes

Prevalence and genetic diversity of Avipoxvirus in house sparrows in Spain

Avipoxvirus (APV) is a fairly common virus affecting birds that causes morbidity and mortality in wild and captive birds. We studied the prevalence of pox-like lesions and genetic diversity of APV in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in natural, agricultural and urban areas in southern Spain in 2013 and 2014 and in central Spain for 8 months (2012±2013). Overall, 3.2% of 2,341 house sparrows visually examined in southern Spain had cutaneous lesions consistent with avian pox. A similar prevalence (3%) was found in 338 birds from central Spain. Prevalence was higher in hatch-year birds than in adults. We did not detect any clear spatial or temporal patterns of APV distribution. Molecular analyses of poxvirus-like lesions revealed that 63% of the samples were positive. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of 29 DNA sequences from the fpv167 gene, detected two strains belonging to the canarypox clade (subclades B1 and B2) previously found in Spain. One of them appears predominant in Iberia and North Africa and shares 70% similarity to fowlpox and canarypox virus. This APV strain has been identified in a limited number of species in the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco and Hungary. The second one has a global distribution and has been found in numerous wild bird species around the world. To our knowledge, this represents the largest study of avian poxvirus disease in the broadly distributed house sparrow and strongly supports the findings that Avipox prevalence in this species in South and central Spain is moderate and the genetic diversity low.This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project CGL2010-15734/BOS), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project CGL2013-41642-P/BOS) and the Innovation and Development Agency of Andalusia (Spain) (P11-RNM-7038). Grants were awarded to JMP (Juan de la Cierva- JCI-2012-11868) and MAJM (FPIBES-2011-047609), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; RAJW (CEI-PICATA2012), CEI Campus of International Excellence; MM (FPU12/0568), Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. RAJW was supported by the Craaford Foundation (grant 20160971) during the writing of this publication. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

The determination of enrofloxacin residue in quail meat, in Yazd by HPLC (Short Communication)

Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for humans and animals for the prevention and treatment of various microbial diseases. This study was carried out for the evaluation of enrofloxacin residue in quail meat in Yazd city by HPLC. For this, 50 meat samples were collected from quail meats that supplied in Yazd from winter to spring in 2014-2015. Results showed that 11 samples (22%) were positive for enrofloxacin residue. The minimum and maximum concentrations of enrofloxacin in the samples were 3.08 and 117.09 μg/Kg, respectively. The mean value of enrofloxacin concentration in the positive samples was 8.6 ± 21.28 μg/Kg. The concentration of enrofloxacin in 14% of the samples was higher than European Maximum Residual Level (30 μg/Kg). In conclusion, for improvement of hygienic quality of quail meat, it is necessary to apply suitable strategy for legality of withdrawal time for antibiotic consumption

Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (4/91 type) in Broiler Chickens in Chahrmahal-va-bakhtiyari Province

Infectious bronchitis (IB) disease is a viral contagious respiratory disease. The causing agent of this disease has several serotypes. In this study, 4/91 type of Infectious bronchitis (IB) was identified. For this, tracheal samples were taken from 18 broiler chickens flocks having respiratory signs suspected to IB disease with one percent mortality in day. After RNA extraction from tissue samples in one step RT-PCR reaction, a fragment of S1 gene was amplified by common primers for all IB viruses. Then RT-PCR product was amplified for identification of 4/91(793/B) type by type specific primers in Nested-PCR. Results showed, 11 out 18 flocks (61.1%) were infected to IB that 45.45% of IB infected flocks were infected to 4/91 type. Therefore it seems 4/91 type of IB has role in forming and complexing of respiratory signs in broiler chickens suffering to respiratory syndrome in Chahrmahal-va-bakhtiyari province and it is necessary to give a suitable controlling strategy for prevention of 4/91 infection