New Records Of Aparasphenodon Bokermanni (pombal, 1993) From Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, And Extension Of Genus Range (anura: Hylidae)

Aparasphenodon bokermanni is a poorly known casque-headed tree frog found in São Paulo and Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Here we provide two new records, one from Joinville, northeastern Santa Catarina, and the first record from Santa Catarina Island, Brazil, which extends to the south the range of the genus by approximately 150 km. © 2016 Check List and Authors.12

Avaliação dinâmica em epilepsias parciais utilizando imagens por ressonância magnética (RM) de alta resolução de rotina e reconstrução multiplanar (RMP)

Objective: To investigate the presence and type of lesions associated with partial epilepsies by routine high resolution MRI and multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) and correlate the MRI abnormalities with semiology and EEG findings. Methods: We studied 100 consecutive patients followed in the epilepsy clinic of our Hospital with partial epilepsy who underwent MRI investigation. The MRI protocol included 6 mm sagittal T1-weighted, 3-4 mm axial T1 and T2-weighted, 3 mm coronal T1 inversion recovery and T2-weighted images that were printed on a radiographic film for routine analysis. In addition, all patients had a volume T1-gradient echo acquisition with isotropic voxels (1-1.5 mm) for multiplanar reconstruction (MPR). The MRIs were examined in two different occasions: first using only the images printed on films, without volume T1-gradiente echo acquisition and in a second occasion in a computer workstation when all the available images and MPR were analyzed blindly to the clinical information. The clinical and EEG findings were tabulated independently, and results were compared using Chi-square of Fisher exact test when appropriate. Results: The patients were divided into 10 groups according to their etiological classification (structural lesions) established by MRI. Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) was the largest group (40%). There were 65 women and 35 men. Mean age was 23.9 (± 5.7) years and mean age of onset of recurrent seizures was 9.9 (± 0.8) years. The most frequent risk factors were family history of seizures (23%), head trauma (10%),peri-natal anoxia (5%) and infection (9%). High resolution MRI including thin coronal slices, in addition to a ?dynamic? analysis in a workstation with MPR, allowed a significant improvement in lesion detection compared to the traditional analysis with radiographic films (94% versus 80%) (p < 0.05). The lesions previously undetected were focal cortical dysplasia and subtle MTS. There was a good concordance between MRI lesions and clinical and EEG findings. Conclusion: High resolution MRI including thin coronal slices, in addition to a ?dynamic? analysis in a workstation with MPR allowed a significative improvement in lesion detection compared to the traditional analysis with radiographic films (94% versus 80%). Patients with partial epilepsy and ?normal? MRI need to be investigated further with thin slices and post-processing techniques using volume acquisitions that allow adequate multiplanar re-slicing.Objetivo: Investigar a presença e tipo de lesões em pacientes com epilepsias parciais utilizando imagens por ressonância magnética (RM) de alta resolução de rotina e reconstrução multiplanar (RMP) e correlacionar as anormalidades com semiologia e EEG. Casuística e métodos: Estudamos 100 pacientes consecutivos acompanhados no serviço de epilepsia com diagnóstico de epilepsia parcial que foram submetidos ao exame de RM. O protocolo de RM incluiu imagens sagitais ponderadas em T1 de 6 mm, axiais ponderadas em T1 e T2 de 3-4 mm, coronais ponderadas em T1-inversion recovery e ponderadas em T2 de 3 mm, que foram impressas em filmes radiográficos para análise de rotina. Além disso, todos exames de RM incluíram aquisi­ção volumétrica (3D) ponderada em T1-gradiente echo com voxel isotrópico (1-1.5 mm) para RMP. As RMs foram examinadas em duas ocasiões diferentes: primeiro utilizando apenas imagens impressas em filmes, sem as imagens 3D, e depois em uma estação de trabalho quando todas imagens estavam disponíveis, incluindo RMP, sem conhecimento prévio das informações clínicas ou da análise anterior da RM. Os dados clínicos e de EEG foram tabulados independentemente, e os resultados foram comparados utilizando teste do qui­quadrado ou teste de Fisher quando apropriado. Resultados: A casuística incluiu 65 mulheres e 35 homens. A idade media foi de 23.9 (± 5.7) anos e a idade média de início de crises recorrentes foi de 9.9 (± 0.8) anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em 10 grupos de acordo com a classificação do tipo de lesão estrutural estabelecida pela análise de RM em estação de trabalho com RMP. Esclerose mesial temporal (EMT) foi o maior grupo (40%). Os fatores de risco mais freqüentes foram história familiar de crises (23%), trauma de crânio (10%), anóxia perinatal (5%) e infecção (9%). Análise ?dinâmica? de RM incluindo cortes coronais finos e RMP em uma estação de trabalho permitiu uma maior detecção de anormalidades em comparação com análise tradicional em filmes radiográficos (94% versus 80%) (p < 0.05). As lesões não detectadas na análise com filmes radiográficos foram displasia cortical focal e formas sutis de EMT. Houve uma boa concor­dância entre anormalidades detectadas pela RM e achados clínicos e de EEG. Conclusão: RM incluindo cortes coronais finos e uma análise ?dinâmica? em uma estação de trabalho com RMP permitiu um aumento significativo na detecção de lesões em comparação com análise tradicional utilizando filmes radiográficos (94% versus 80%). Pacientes com epilepsia parcial e RM ?normal? precisam ser investigados com RM in­cluindo cortes finos e pós-processamento de aquisições volumétricas que permitem RMP.11111

On the exploitation of differential aerodynamic lift and drag as a means to control satellite formation flight

For a satellite formation to maintain its intended design despite present perturbations (formation keeping), to change the formation design (reconfiguration) or to perform a rendezvous maneuver, control forces need to be generated. To do so, chemical and/or electric thrusters are currently the methods of choice. However, their utilization has detrimental effects on small satellites’ limited mass, volume and power budgets. Since the mid-80s, the potential of using differential drag as a means of propellant-less source of control for satellite formation flight is actively researched. This method consists of varying the aerodynamic drag experienced by different spacecraft, thus generating differential accelerations between them. Its main disadvantage, that its controllability is mainly limited to the in-plain relative motion, can be overcome using differential lift as a means to control the out-of-plane motion. Due to its promising benefits, a variety of studies from researchers around the world have enhanced the state-of-the-art over the past decades which results in a multitude of available literature. In this paper, an extensive literature review of the efforts which led to the current state-of-the-art of different lift and drag-based satellite formation control is presented. Based on the insights gained during the review process, key knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in the field of differential lift to enhance the current state-of-the-art are revealed and discussed. In closer detail, the interdependence between the feasibility domain/the maneuver time and increased differential lift forces achieved using advanced satellite surface materials promoting quasi-specular or specular reflection, as currently being developed in the course of the DISCOVERER project, is discussed