Applications of Axiomatic Design Theory in Design for Human Safety in Manufacturing Systems: A Literature Review

Design for Human Safety (DfHS) is an approach to integrate knowledge of human safety in the design process. DfHS is multi-disciplinary in its nature, requiring many kinds of information and knowledge. Number of DfHS studies tried to apply Axiomatic Design (AD) to achieve their aims. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on application of AD in DfHS in manufacturing systems and to propose a roadmap for future DfHS works. This paper examines the number and type of publications dealing with this context. The review covers papers published between 1990 (when AD was introduced first) and 2017. It is based on a range of combinations of the following keywords: “Axiomatic design” and “safety” or “accident” or “hazard” or risk”. This review has identified 15 research topics that were clustered into three main research groups: (1) application of AD in ergonomic design; (2) application of AD in human-computer interaction; and (3) application of AD in integrating safety systematically in design process. The authors also tried to identify which axiom of AD has been used in these researches

Using risk ratios as a method of calculating substantial racial and ethnic disproportionality rates in school discipline

The discipline gap – a phenomenon by which students of colour (e.g., Black students) are disproportionately affected by school exclusionary discipline compared to their White peers – has been reliably documented for more than 50 years. Researchers have relied on different metrics, analysis methods, and data sources to measure the discipline gap. Regulators have proposed the standard use of risk ratios as a metric to measure disproportionality. Risk ratios require that the target group (e.g., Black students) be compared to another group (e.g., White students), however, there is a paucity of studies on the differential impact of using White students versus all other students as comparison groups. I analyzed data from 5,422 schools from the 2012 – 2014 academic school years across the United States by fitting two series of mixed models to account for the nested structure of the data. I evaluated the effect of using different comparison groups on risk ratio values as well as school disproportionate status. Results indicate that the use of all other students as a comparison group yields significantly higher mean risk ratio values over three years for Black students to receive at least one out-of-school suspension (OSS) by a factor of 2.621. The predicted odds of a school’s risk ratio value being significantly disproportionate (i.e., compared to a threshold value) increases by a factor of 1.790 when using all other students as a comparison group. The mean risk ratio values for Black students to receive at least one OSS were significantly higher in 2014 – 2015 than in 2012 – 2013, regardless of which comparison group is used. Implications for both policy makers and researchers are discussed in light of the findings and proposed legislation.Education, Faculty ofEducational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department ofGraduat

Méthodologie de conception innovante intégrant la sécurité des utilisateurs : application aux liaisons tracteur-outils

The research presented in this dissertation is related to the human-safety discipline integration into the product design discipline. Currently, human-safety is considered sequential to the product design. This mean of safety integration has reached its limits. In fact, risk reduction analysis for safety barriers implementation intervenes in the end of the design process, in the detailed design phase, and are rapidly increasing in variety, size, complexity and sophistication. The proposed method (called IRAD) allows human-safety integration in the early design process. IRAD is based on the axiomatic and systematic design approaches and allows three use cases. Thus, we proposed a risk process evolving simultaneously with a design process. This risk process is divided into six contexts, each one giving a new viewpoint of risks. IRAD is a systematic method for designer to extract safety requirements through from the one hand, a structured experience feedback analysis (Use case 1) and from the other hand, a systematic analysis of risks related to the physical design choices all along the design process (Use case 2). In result, the requirements document is evolving with and depending on the product development. Safety solution is carried out through safety requirements integration in the design synthesis (Use case 3). Three safety design principles are thus proposed. Safety requirements are formulated as optimization equations. Finally, IRAD is applied to the tractor-implements hitch context.Les travaux de recherche exposés dans ce mémoire sont relatifs à l'élaboration d'une méthode d'intégration de la santé-sécurité à la conception des produits. L'intégration de la santé sécurité dans la conception est aujourd'hui considérée comme un processus séquentiel. Ce type d'approche ne permet pas d'atteindre les résultats escomptés en termes d'amélioration de la sécurité. La méthode proposée consiste à prendre en compte celle-ci dès les premières phases de conceptualisation du produit. Nous avons proposé trois principes fondamentaux régissant la conception sécuritaire. Elle est basée sur les méthodes de conception systématique et axiomatique et permet trois cas d'emploi. Nous proposons ainsi, un processus du risque évoluant simultanément avec un processus de conception. Ce processus des risques est constitué de six contextes, exprimant chacun un nouveau point de vue des risques. Cette méthode, baptisée IRAD permet au concepteur d'exprimer les exigences de sécurité d'une part, à partir de l'analyse structurée du retour d'expérience (cas d'emploi 1) et d'autre part, à partir de l'analyse systématique des risques liés aux choix technologiques effectués au cours de la conception (cas d'emploi 2). Suite à cette démarche, le cahier des charges du produit s'avère évolutif et dépendant du développement du produit. La conception de produits sécuritaires s'effectue alors à travers l'intégration des exigences de sécurité dans la synthèse des solutions (cas d'emploi 3). Les exigences de sécurité découlant de la mise en oeuvre de la méthode se présentent sous forme d'équations d'optimisation. L'applicabilité de la méthode IRAD a été enfin démontrée sur le cas des liaisons tracteur-outils

Amélioration de la sécurité d'un système complexe (la liaison tracteur-outils) par l'application de méthodologies de conception innovantes

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]INSPIREL'objectif scientifique de ces travaux était de proposer une méthode de préconception basée sur les outils méthodologiques existants et permettant l'intégration structurée et formelle de la sécurité des utilisateurs. La méthode réalisée et répondant à cet objectif se base sur la définition et l'expression des exigences de sécurité tout au long du processus de conception. L'objectif applicatif consistait à trouver des voies de solution pour la sécurisation du système d'interfaçage entre un tracteur et un outil agricole. Des principes de solutions sont proposés

Méthodologie de conception innovante assurant la sécurité de l'opérateur - Application aux liaisons tracteur-outils

[Departement_IRSTEA]EA [TR1_IRSTEA]TESAD / MOSTCe travail fait d'abord état des méthodes de conception existantes et des avancées en terme d'intégration de la sécurité en phase de conception. Il propose ensuite une méthode permettant d'intégrer la sécurité des opérateurs au plus tôt en phase de conception. Cette méthode est fin utilisée pour la reconception de la liaison tracteur-outils

Toward design fot safety part 1: Functional reverse engineering driven by axiomatic design

International audienceThe design process of product development is the earliest opportunity to integrate safety into products.The term ‘design for safety’ captures this effort to integrate safety knowledge in the design process.Whereas, reverse engineering(RE) has been a common method to obtain design feedback and knowledge of the existing system, this paper presents a method for functional reverse engineering (FRE). Axiomatic Design (AD) is an attractive support for the concept of FRE because of its criteria for evaluating designs, its standard format for recording design decisions, and its ability to present design requirements and associated design parameters. The power take-off (PTO) system is used as a case study to illustrate and examine the proposed method.Furthermore, many standards (type B and type C) have been issued to detail the design requirements, typical applications, and mode of utilization of various types of safeguards. In parallel, much research has been conducted to integrate safety objectives, constraints and requirements in the design processes. Although there is much research on safety considerations in the design process, we are not aware of any full general accounts. In this context, Ghemraoui et al. attempted to define safety objectives early in the product design process by proposing the innovative risk assessment design (IRAD) method.This method offers the mechanism for generating non-technical design objectives when preparing the requirements and constraints list based on AD