PROCJENA UTJECAJA GEOMETRIJE PUKOTINA NA PROPUSNOST, PRIMJER LABORATORIJSKOGA ISPITIVANJA I NUMERIČKOGA MODELIRANJA

The geometry of fractures includes orientation, spacing, aperture are among the parameters affecting permeability in rocks. Studying the effect of fractures geometry on the permeability in a laboratory scale requires the selection of a suitable sample in terms of physical and mechanical properties. Therefore, in this study, fibrous fiber was selected due to low water absorption and permeability as well as its non-brittle behavior and flexibility. In order to investigate the effect of fracture geometry on the permeability, 1, 2, 3, and 4 fractures with spacing greater than 50 mm, 50 mm, 25 mm, and 15 mm and with orientations of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 degrees to the horizon in the sample were created. The fractures did not come into contact with the surface of the sample .The results showed that the permeability raises exponentially with increasing orientation and decreasing the spacing. This situation is mostly seen in fractures with orientations larger than 30 degrees. Also, the permeability measured in the laboratory was compared with the results obtained from the numerical method of distinct elements and UDEC software. The results showed an error of about 10-15%, which is well-matched between the permeability obtained from the laboratory and the numerical method.Geometrija pukotina uglavnom obuhvaća orijentaciju, razmak i promjer, kao varijable koje određuju propusnost stijena. Studije koje se bave izučavanjem geometrije pukotina na laboratorijskim uzorcima imaju preduvjet odabira prikladnih uzoraka za ocjenu fizičkih i mehaničkih svojstava. Stoga je ovdje odabrano vlakno s malom apsorpcijom vode i propusnošću te sa svojstvima nekrtosti, odnosno savitljivosti. Ispitane su 1, 2, 3 i 4 pukotine s razmacima većim od 50 mm, od 50 mm, od 25 i od 15 mm te orijentacijama od 0, 15, 30, 45 i 60 stupnjeva od vodoravne ravnine. Pukotine nisu bile u dodiru s površinom uzorka. Propusnost je rasla eksponencijalno, prateći porast kuta orijentacije i smanjivanje razmaka među pukotinama. To je najbolje opaženo s pukotinama pod kutom većim od 30 stupnjeva. Propusnost dobivena laboratorijski uspoređena je s rezultatima izmjerenim metodom konačnih elemenata i programom UDEC. Dobivena je pogrješka od 10 do 15 % čime je dokazano dobro podudaranje laboratorijskih i numeričkih rezultata

Diagnosis of H.pylori infection by HM-CAP ELISA and comparing to a commercial ELISA Kit

تحقیقات اخیر نشان داده اند که Helicobacter pylori از عوامل اختلالات معدی-روده ای بوده و با کارسینومای معده و لنفوم (Mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue=MALT) در ارتباط است. ابداع یک روش غیر تهاجمی معتبر براساس (Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay=ELISA)، تشخیص عفونت های این باکتری و انجام مطالعات غربالگری گسترده در بین جمعیت های مختلف جامعه را امکان پذیر می سازد. در این تحقیق از باکتری های H.pylori، جدا شده از نمونه های بیوپسی معده، پروتئین های متصل به غشاء باکتری توسط دترجنت (N-octyl-β-D-glycopyranoside=NOG) استخراج شد و سپس از این مجموعه پروتئین های با وزن مولکولی زیاد (High molecular-cell associated proteins=HM-CAP)، منجمله آنزیم اوره آز به طریق کروماتوگرافی ژل فیلتراسیون تخلیص گردید تا از آن به عنوان آنتی ژنی برای پوشش دادن پلیت های میکروتیتر ELISA استفاده شود. سرم 24 بیمار از نظر وجود آنتی بادی علیه H.pylori به دو روش براساس ELISA ، یک روش حاصل از این تحقیق و دیگری کیت تجاری RADIM، مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. مقایسه نتایج کیفی سرم بیماران تست شده با این روش ها نشان می دهند که در 15 مورد هردو روش جواب مثبت و در 5 مورد هردو روش جواب منفی داشته و در بقیه موارد جواب یکی از روش ها مشکوک بوده است. به بیان دیگر نتایج کیفی سرم های تست شده به روش HM-CAP ELISA مثبت به کیت تجارتی از نظر حساسیت و ویژگی مطابقت دارد. همچنین مقایسه نتایج کمی این دو روش، ضریب همبستگی (R=0.89) را بین آنها نشان می دهد که این ضریب همبستگی از نظر آماری معنی دار است (

The urgent need for integrated science to fight COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

The COVID-19 pandemic has become the leading societal concern. The pandemic has shown that the public health concern is not only a medical problem, but also afects society as a whole; so, it has also become the leading scientifc concern. We discuss in this treatise the importance of bringing the world’s scientists together to fnd efective solu‑ tions for controlling the pandemic. By applying novel research frameworks, interdisciplinary collaboration promises to manage the pandemic’s consequences and prevent recurrences of similar pandemics

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field