Determination of susceptible growth stage and efficacy of fungicidal management of Curvularia leaf spot of maize caused by Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn

Maize is an important food security crop along with rice and wheat globally. Losses caused by biotic stresses in maize are substantial and Curvularia leaf spot is important among them. Further management of Curvularia leaf spot is done primarily through chemicals, therefore an attempt was made to evaluate the efficacy of com- monly used systemic and non-systemic fungicides against the pathogen, and most susceptible growth stage for disease development was identified. In vitro evaluation of four systemic and four non-systemic fungicides was done at different concentrations, for checking the growth of pathogen. The data revealed that Carboxin (at 25 ppm) completely inhibited growth of pathogen. Further among non-systemic fungicides treatment of Mancozeb showed maximum growth inhibition (98. 24% at 200 ppm). Under glass house conditions mancozeb was found to be more effective than Carboxin for controlling the disease severity. Further to determine the time of application of fungicides, developmental stage most susceptible to Curvularia lunata was studied. Three growth stages (Knee height stage, Silking stage and Tasseling stage) were compared. Maximum disease index and severity was found at Silking stage (47% and 53.75%, respectively) followed by Tasseling stage (42.5% and 18.4%, respectively) and Knee height stage (37% and 30%, respectively), indicating that the disease progresses with the maturity of the plant and is maximum at the Silking stage. Results suggest that susceptible maize varieties may give higher yield with the optimisation of the time of application of the fungicides and higher economic and environmental gains can be achieved with judicious use of fungicides

Application of Spectroscopic Techniques in Early Detection of Fungal Plant Pathogens

Among the plant pathogens, around 85% of diseases in plants are caused by fungi. Rapid and accurate detection of fungal phytopathogens up to the species level is crucial for the implementation of proper disease control strategies, which were previously relied on conventional approaches. The conventional identification methods have been replaced by many rapid and accurate methods like high throughput sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serological and spectroscopic technique. Among these rapid pathogen detection techniques, spectroscopy is a rapid, cost-effective, non-destructive method and does not require sample preparation. Nowadays, visible, infrared and near-infrared rays are commonly employed for pathogen detection. Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Biocontrol fungus-like Trichoderma spp. can be detected with the help of MALDI-TOF MS. Fluorescence spectroscopy used fluorescence emanating from the sample and successfully used in the detection of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis). Hyperspectral imaging is an advanced approach which uses artificial intelligence in plant disease detection. This literature discusses briefly about the features of above-mentioned spectroscopy techniques which may impel the general understanding and propel the research activities

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Not AvailableMaize is an important food security crop along with rice and wheat globally. Losses caused by biotic stresses in maize are substantial and Curvularia leaf spot is important among them. Further management of Curvularia leaf spot is done primarily through chemicals, therefore an attempt was made to evaluate the efficacy of commonly used systemic and non-systemic fungicides against the pathogen, and most susceptible growth stage for disease development was identified. In vitro evaluation of four systemic and four non-systemic fungicides was done at different concentrations, for checking the growth of pathogen. The data revealed that Carboxin (at 25 ppm) completely inhibited growth of pathogen. Further among non-systemic fungicides treatment of Mancozeb showed maximum growth inhibition (98. 24% at 200 ppm). Under glass house conditions mancozeb was found to be more effective than Carboxin for controlling the disease severity. Further to determine the time of application of fungicides, developmental stage most susceptible to Curvularia lunata was studied. Three growth stages (Knee height stage, Silking stage and Tasseling stage) were compared. Maximum disease index and severity was found at Silking stage (47% and 53.75%, respectively) followed by Tasseling stage (42.5% and 18.4%, respectively) and Knee height stage (37% and 30%, respectively), indicating that the disease progresses with the maturity of the plant and is maximum at the Silking stage. Results suggest that susceptible maize varieties may give higher yield with the optimisation of the time of application of the fungicides and higher economic and environmental gains can be achieved with judicious use of fungicides.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableRice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (anamorph: Pyricularia oryzae) is a serious disease of rice threatening its production worldwide. The pathogen has high genomic plasticity, wide host range and rapid rate of evolution resulting in fungicidal resistance and breakdown of resistant varieties. Though integrated disease management modules have been adopted for the management of the pathogen, the disease continues to be a challenge to plant pathologists. The pathogen affects all the above-ground parts of the plant including seeds. Seeds are implicated as important overwintering source of inoculum of the pathogen and may serve as an important source of primary inoculum during the rice season. Further, the spread of pathogen to previously un- invaded areas has been found associated with the movement of the infected seeds. Therefore, use of pathogen-free healthy seeds should be an integral part of the rice blast management module, for quarantine purposes. Further, with the appearance of wheat blast as a global threat to wheat production and invasion of rice blast pathogen to previously uninvaded areas, accurate detection of M. oryzae strains is of paramount importance. Conventionally used seed testing assays are time-consuming, labor-intensive and have low sensitivity and specificity. Advances in the detection strategies of rice blast pathogen from blotter test to high throughput real time PCR is remarkable. But still, commercial application of these technologies is lacking. The review focuses on the advances in detection strategies of M. oryaze and their utility as commercial protocols.CSI

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Not AvailableRice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (anamorph: Pyricularia oryzae) is a serious disease of rice threatening its production worldwide. the pathogen has high genomic plasticity, wide host range and rapid rate of evolution resulting in fungicidal resistance and breakdown of resistant varieties. though integrated disease management modules have been adopted for the management of the pathogen, the disease continues to be a challenge to plant pathologists. The pathogen affects all the above-ground parts of the plant including seeds. Seeds are implicated as important overwintering source of inoculum of the pathogen and may serve as an important source of primary inoculum during the rice season. Further, the spread of pathogen to previously un- invaded areas has been found associated with the movement of the infected seeds. therefore, use of pathogen-free healthy seeds should be an integral part of the rice blast management module, for quarantine purposes. Further, with the appearance of wheat blast as a global threat to wheat production and invasion of rice blast pathogen to previously uninvaded areas, accurate detection of M. oryzae strains is of paramount importance. Conventionally used seed testing assays are time-consuming, labor-intensive and have low sensitivity and specificity. Advances in the detection strategies of rice blast pathogen from blotter test to high throughput real time PCR is remarkable. But still, commercial application of these technologies is lacking. the review focuses on the advances in detection strategies of M. oryaze and their utility as commercial protocols.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableRice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (anamorph: Pyricularia oryzae) is a serious disease of rice threatening its production worldwide. the pathogen has high genomic plasticity, wide host range and rapid rate of evolution resulting in fungicidal resistance and breakdown of resistant varieties. though integrated disease management modules have been adopted for the management of the pathogen, the disease continues to be a challenge to plant pathologists. The pathogen affects all the above-ground parts of the plant including seeds. Seeds are implicated as important overwintering source of inoculum of the pathogen and may serve as an important source of primary inoculum during the rice season. Further, the spread of pathogen to previously un- invaded areas has been found associated with the movement of the infected seeds. therefore, use of pathogen-free healthy seeds should be an integral part of the rice blast management module, for quarantine purposes. Further, with the appearance of wheat blast as a global threat to wheat production and invasion of rice blast pathogen to previously uninvaded areas, accurate detection of M. oryzae strains is of paramount importance. Conventionally used seed testing assays are time-consuming, labor-intensive and have low sensitivity and specificity. Advances in the detection strategies of rice blast pathogen from blotter test to high throughput real time PCR is remarkable. But still, commercial application of these technologies is lacking. the review focuses on the advances in detection strategies of M. oryaze and their utility as commercial protocols.Not Availabl

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