10-year pattern of admissions in psychiatric unit at a tertiary care hospital in pakistan.

To identify the pattern of psychiatric morbidity in hospitalized patients of a tertiary care unit.Design; Details of patient’s admissions from the case register of psychiatric unit were recorded retrospectively.The study was conducted in Dept. of Psychiatry Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre JPMC Karachi and included data of ten years. RESULTS;- TA total of 5527 patients were hospitalized during period of ten years (1995 – 2004). Among them 62.612% (n = 3461) were males and 37.38 (n = 2066) were females. The majority of patients were in the age range of 15 – 44 years. On the basis of ICD classification, mood disorders (F 30 – F 39) (42.42%) were most frequent diagnosis made, followed by schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (F20-F29) (26.50%), mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use (9.5%).CONCLUSION; Pattern of inpatients psychiatric disorders is slightly different from outpatient population and comprised of mostly patients with un-manageable acute psychiatric disorder. This measure of assessment of needs will help in allocation of resources

Image Analysis Using Human Body Geometry and Size Proportion Science for Action Classification

Gestures are one of the basic modes of human communication and are usually used to represent different actions. Automatic recognition of these actions forms the basis for solving more complex problems like human behavior analysis, video surveillance, event detection, and sign language recognition, etc. Action recognition from images is a challenging task as the key information like temporal data, object trajectory, and optical flow are not available in still images. While measuring the size of different regions of the human body i.e., step size, arms span, length of the arm, forearm, and hand, etc., provides valuable clues for identification of the human actions. In this article, a framework for classification of the human actions is presented where humans are detected and localized through faster region-convolutional neural networks followed by morphological image processing techniques. Furthermore, geometric features from human blob are extracted and incorporated into the classification rules for the six human actions i.e., standing, walking, single-hand side wave, single-hand top wave, both hands side wave, and both hands top wave. The performance of the proposed technique has been evaluated using precision, recall, omission error, and commission error. The proposed technique has been comparatively analyzed in terms of overall accuracy with existing approaches showing that it performs well in contrast to its counterparts

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Gas-Solid Hydrodynamics in a Bubbling Fluidized-Bed Reactor: Effects of Air Distributor, Viscous and Drag Models

In this work, we employed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based model with a Eulerian multiphase approach to simulate the fluidization hydrodynamics in biomass gasification processes. Air was used as the gasifying/fluidizing agent and entered the gasifier at the bottom which subsequently fluidized the solid particles inside the reactor column. The momentum exchange related to the gas-phase was simulated by considering various viscous models (i.e., laminar and turbulence models of the re-normalisation group (RNG), k-ε and k-ω). The pressure drop gradient obtained by employing each viscous model was plotted for different superficial velocities and compared with the experimental data for validation. The turbulent model of RNG k-Ɛ was found to best represent the actual process. We also studied the effect of air distributor plates with different pore diameters (2, 3 and 5 mm) on the momentum of the fluidizing fluid. The plate with 3-mm pores showed larger turbulent viscosities above the surface. The effects of drag models (Syamlal–O’Brien, Gidaspow and energy minimum multi-scale method (EMMS) on the bed’s pressure drop as well as on the volume fractions of the solid particles were investigated. The Syamlal–O’Brien model was found to forecast bed pressure drops most consistently, with the pressure drops recorded throughout the experimental process. The formation of bubbles and their motion along the gasifier height in the presence of the turbulent flow was seen to follow a different pattern from with the laminar flow.Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Counci

An overview of biomass thermochemical conversion technologies in Malaysia

The rising pressure on both cleaner production and sustainable development have been the main driving force that pushes mankind to seek for alternative greener and sustainable feedstocks for chemical and energy production. The biomass ‘waste-to-wealth’ concept which convert low value biomass into value-added products which contain high economic potential, have attracted the attentions from both academicians and industry players. With a tropical climate, Malaysia has a rich agricultural sector and dense tropical rainforest, giving rise to abundance of biomass which most of them are underutilized. Hence, the biomass ‘waste-to-wealth’ conversion through various thermochemical conversion technologies and the prospective challenges towards commercialization in Malaysia are reviewed in this paper. In this paper, a critical review about the maturity status of the four most promising thermochemical conversion routes in Malaysia (i.e. gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction and hydroprocessing) is given. The current development of thermochemical conversion technologies for biomass conversion in Malaysia is also reviewed and benchmarked against global progress. Besides, the core technical challenges in commercializing these green technologies are highlighted as well. Lastly, the future outlook for successful commercialization of these technologies in Malaysia is included

Attitude of undergraduate students towards English Teaching as a Foreign Language: A Case Study of BE Students at Emerson University Multan

The present research is a an examination of the attitudes of university students conducted by a university lecturer at Emerson University Multan. The study provides insight into the level of motivation these students have for their English language class, their expectations for the course, their responses to the material being taught, and their general mindset regarding English as a foreign language. The instructors interviewed classmates from different programmes with open-ended questions to obtain in-depth qualitative responses and with a questionnaire of closed-ended questions for quantitative analysis as well. According to the research questions, the responses of the students were categorised and analysed to determine the most common responses and the essence of students' feedback in order to improve our educational content and policy on English as a required subject in undergraduate programmes.  The analysis of their responses revealed that the majority of students desired to learn English, but found the course material, teaching methods, and classroom instructions somewhat tedious. The majority of students anticipated instruction in grammar and spoken abilities. Very few students believed that subject-specific English might need to be taught to them in ESP courses. This study's findings are restricted to Emerson University Multan students

USE OF TECHNOLOGY DURING PANDEMIC COVID-19 IN ESL CLASSROOMS: A STUDY AT POSTGRADUATE LEVEL IN BAHAWALPUR

This study aimed to investigate the impact of technology on ESL learners and teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research focused on the responses of 150 postgraduate ESL learners from the English Literature and English Linguistics departments at the Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews, constituting a mixed-method approach. The researcher employed purposive non-random sampling techniques due to the large student population. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods and thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the technological shift was initially challenging for the majority of students, emphasizing the necessity of technical literacy for online learning applications. However, the respondents also acknowledged the reliability of the technological shift for learning ESL and its role in motivating students to become more technologically adept. Additionally, the study highlighted the preference for online classrooms over physical ones, with the Zoom application being the most favored for teaching and learning during the pandemic. Moreover, the research identified a lack of technological awareness and affordability among ESL learners, as well as challenges related to the evaluation of students' efficiency and the conduct of online examinations through Learning Management Systems (LMS). The results of this study align with previous research, indicating that the shift to online teaching during the pandemic was not universally beneficial for students and teachers in higher education. While some positive changes were noted, such as increased student motivation and commitment to virtual teaching, concerns about the effectiveness of online learning and its impact on students' attitudes were also evident. In summary, this research provides valuable insights into the experiences of ESL learners and teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic, shedding light on the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of technology in ESL classrooms at the postgraduate level. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on the role of technology in education, particularly in the context of the unprecedented challenges posed by the global health crisis

Flow Analysis of Various Inlet Velocity Profiles on Indoor Temperature for Energy Conservation of HVAC System Using CFD

Energy conservation has been the most popular topic of the modern world. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems consume approximately 10 % of the total energy of world. In order to improve the efficiency of HVAC systems, two dimensional (2D) room with inlet, outlet and heat source has been modeled. ANSYS Fluent has been used for numerical analysis of air flow in a 2D room. User Defined Functions (UDFs), which are coded in C language and hooked in ANSYS fluent, have been used for recording temperature variations and for heat generation within 2D room. Besides studying velocity fields and temperature distributions within indoor environment under specified boundary conditions, reference region for comparative analysis is also selected during Steady State (SS) numerical simulations. During transient analysis, temperature variations of a selected location are recorded for four different scenarios under varying inlet velocity profiles i.e. three for 0°, 30°, 60° angle with 1.3661 m/s velocity and fourth 0° with 2.7322 m/s velocity. Temperature profile of reference region after 1500 sec of transient simulations are compared with the steady state. Temperature profile of the scenario once the air is injected at 30° closely matched with the steady state temperature profile of the selected region. Time for attainment of SS temperature is also measured and compared after transient simulations. SS temperature value was attained twice, first at 240 seconds when the air was injected at 0° with 2.7322 m/s and secondly at 522 seconds when inlet air entered at velocity of 1.3361 m/s at 30°. The power consumption by increasing the fan speed is much higher as compared to the power consumed for changing direction only. Full Tex

Numerical Analysis of Impact of Relative Humidity on Crossflow Heat Exchangers with Staggered Configuration at Maximum Operating Temperature

Heat exchangers are employed in numerous applications of industry, automotive and air conditioning systems. The efficacy of heat exchangers depends upon various factors e.g., Reynolds number (Re) of the fluids, geometry of heat exchanging surfaces, and the Prandtl number of the cooling air. In this paper, the working of a crossflow heat exchanger with elliptical tubes is simulated numerically for 5000 < Re < 20000 at its maximum operating temperature of 323K. The tubes were arranged in a staggered way. The radical investigations were done at one-of-a-kind relative humidity ranges within the cooling air ranging from 0% to 80%. The relative humidity was modeled in the shape of mass fractions of water vapors in the air. The thermos-physical properties of dry and moist air were employed for the analysis. The impact of this changing of relative humidity on forced convection heat transfer of heat exchangers is examined in the form of percentage change in Nusselt number. With the increase in moisture content in the air, the Nusselt number was observed increased up to 4.5%. The paper provides a tool to analyze the Nusselt number of the elliptical-shaped heat exchanger while operating in moist atmospheric conditions. Full Tex

Flow Analysis of Various Inlet Velocity Profiles on Indoor Temperature for Energy Conservation of HVAC System Using CFD

Energy conservation has been the most popular topic of the modern world. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems consume approximately 10 % of the total energy of world. In order to improve the efficiency of HVAC systems, two dimensional (2D) room with inlet, outlet and heat source has been modeled. ANSYS Fluent has been used for numerical analysis of air flow in a 2D room. User Defined Functions (UDFs), which are coded in C language and hooked in ANSYS fluent, have been used for recording temperature variations and for heat generation within 2D room. Besides studying velocity fields and temperature distributions within indoor environment under specified boundary conditions, reference region for comparative analysis is also selected during Steady State (SS) numerical simulations. During transient analysis, temperature variations of a selected location are recorded for four different scenarios under varying inlet velocity profiles i.e. three for 0°, 30°, 60° angle with 1.3661 m/s velocity and fourth 0° with 2.7322 m/s velocity. Temperature profile of reference region after 1500 sec of transient simulations are compared with the steady state. Temperature profile of the scenario once the air is injected at 30° closely matched with the steady state temperature profile of the selected region. Time for attainment of SS temperature is also measured and compared after transient simulations. SS temperature value was attained twice, first at 240 seconds when the air was injected at 0° with 2.7322 m/s and secondly at 522 seconds when inlet air entered at velocity of 1.3361 m/s at 30°. The power consumption by increasing the fan speed is much higher as compared to the power consumed for changing direction only. Full Tex