Multi-criteria Planning Approach for Ranking of Land Management Alternatives at Different Spatial Scales

Abstract: Integrated land management decisions require comprehensive sets of criteria in order to properly account for all managerial alternatives. Economic criteria have been used to evaluate possible alternatives in most cases. However, it is important to consider the broadest possible range of social, economic and environmental criteria. This paper describes an integrated framework for land management planning at different spatial scales, comprising watershed, sub-watershed and land-unit levels. The structure includes four elements: (1) application of the strategic land management planning approach using the Delphi method and group decision analysis at sub-watershed scales, (2) identification of decision criteria at the land unit scale using socio-economic analysis and hydrologic modelling, (3) multi-criteria decision analysis of different alternatives, and (4) multi-stakeholder alternative prioritization. The Kan watershed north of Tehran, Iran, was selected as a case study. The major objective of this research is to integrate quantitative and qualitative decision criteria for planning purposes. This approach can be adapted to prioritize a wide variety of land and water resources management decisions in similar watersheds

Evaluation Of Flood Mitigation Alternatives Using Hydrological Modeling

Flood damage is one of the most important natural hazards in arid and semi-arid regions. Hydrological modeling is needed for integrated watershed assessment, determining the effects of upstream watershed disturbances and flood control measures on flooding. Historical flash floods threatening Kan watershed have shown that flood control measures are urgently needed to protect natural resources, tourist sites and metropolitans area. Kan watershed has two sub-basins with common outlet, which is caused accelerated impacts on peak flows and flood volumes in mainstream. This watershed is a very interesting case for study of synchronized flood hydrographs analysis and possible challenges for reducing the intensity of floods. In this paper, an event based hydrological model, HEC-HMS, was used to modeling the watershed response to any changes by structural and non-structural flood control measures and synchronized hydrograph analysis. A multiple decision-making method was used to find optimal flood mitigation alternative based on 25 and 100 years peak flood discharges and time lag between peak flood discharges at outlet of two sub basins. Synchronized hydrograph analyses have shown that flood control measures should not implement in Kiga sub-basin. For local flood mitigation at the Kiga sub-basin some methods for facilitating the flood flows were proposed. The analyses showed that magnitudes of the peak discharges downstream could be reduced if upstream peak flows are desynchronized. In these cases hydrograph analyses play the key role in rational flood mitigation planning

Investigation of Visitors’ Participation and Willingness to Pay for the Baba Aman Recreational Park, Iran

The aim of this study is to estimate the recreational value of Baba Aman Natural Park near Bojnord in Northeast Iran. The recreational value of Baba Aman Park has been analyzed using a contingent valuation method. For this purpose, 201 on-site questionnaires were administered between June and September of 2006. Visitor’s willingness to pay (WTP) for Baba Aman recreational park has been estimated for future entrance fees associated with two scenarios including current conditions and proposed improvements of the recreational services in the park. Average WTP was estimated 1.5 and 2 times more than the current entrance fee, considering two scenarios. These amounts are insignificant when compared to the cost of improving the recreational services of the area. However, found that only 25% of visitors are willing to pay more money beyond the current entrance fee. Statistical analysis has revealed that the monthly income and level of education have significant effects on WTP amounts. Implications are discussed and conclusion drawn

Solution of Temperature Distribution in a Radiating Fin Using Homotopy Perturbation Method

Radiating extended surfaces are widely used to enhance heat transfer between primary surface and the environment. The present paper applies the homotopy perturbation to obtain analytic approximation of distribution of temperature in heat fin radiating, which is compared with the results obtained by Adomian decomposition method (ADM). Comparison of the results obtained by the method reveals that homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is more effective and easy to use

Successful Pregnancy and Delivery after Uterine Rupture in Previous Pregnancy: A Case Report

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Uterine rupture in all layers is not only a serious complication of pregnancy but is also associated with maternal and fetal mortality. The usual treatment for uterine rupture is termination of pregnancy, and hysterectomy is necessary in most cases. Successful repair of uterine rupture in all layers is not only uncommon but successful subsequent pregnancy is quite rare. A successful pregnancy is reported in a woman with a history of complete uterine rupture due to intramural pregnancy. CASE REPORT: A 28 – year – old pregnant woman, gravida 4, with a history of two abortions, and one delivery (stillbirth) was admitted to the high-risk pregnancy unit of Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital (Babol, Iran). She had a history of rupture of all layers of the uterus following intramural pregnancy in her third pregnancy, and at that time, she had undergone laparotomy and repair of the uterus. In the fourth pregnancy, due to the history of uterine rupture, she was under prenatal care in high-risk pregnancy unit, and after the onset of contractions at 36 weeks and 2 days, emergency cesarean section was performed for the patient, and the neonate was born with 10/10 APGAR score and a weight of 3000 grams. CONCLUSION: In women who become pregnant after a history of rupture of all layers of the uterus and after the repair of uterine, prenatal and fetal care should be done carefully and cesarean section should be performed immediately after the onset of labor contractions

Bis(quinoline-2-carboxyl­ato-κ2 N,O)lead(II)

The PbII atom in the title compound, [Pb(C10H6NO2)2], is N,O-chelated by two quinoline-2-carboxyl­ate anions in a distorted Ψ-trigonal–bipyramidal environment; four atoms are connected to the PbII atom by regular coordination bonds. The structure also features two somewhat long Pb⋯O inter­actions [2.952 (3) and 3.014 (3) Å]. These long inter­actions give rise to a layer coordination polymer having the lead atom in a distorted Ψ-monocapped octa­hedral geometry

Bis(2-methyl­quinolin-8-olato-κ2 N,O)­lead(II)

The PbII atom in the title compound, [Pb(C10H8NO)2], is chelated by two oxine (2-methyl­quinolin-8-olate) anions in a Ψ-trigonal–bipyramidal geometry; the N atoms occupy the axial sites. The mol­ecule lies about a twofold rotation axis

catena-Poly[[(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2 N,N′)lead(II)]-μ-azido-κ2 N 1:N 3-μ-nitrito-κ3 O,O′:O′-[(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2 N,N′)lead(II)]-di-μ-azido-κ4 N 1:N 1]

The title coordination polymer, [Pb2(N3)3(NO2)(C12H8N2)2]n, has as the repeat unit a centrosymmetric dinuclear mol­ecule having azide and nitrite groups that bridge adjacent heterocycle-coordinated metal centers. One of the azide group uses its terminal ends to bridge whereas the nitrite group chelates to one metal atom and uses one of its O atoms to bridge. The azide and nitrite groups are disordered with respect to each other in a 1:1 ratio. Adjacent dinuclear mol­ecules are further bridged by the other two azide groups, generating a linear chain motif parallel to [010]. Half of the Pb atoms show a Ψ-dodeca­hedral coordination and the other half show a Ψ-penta­gonal-bipyramidal coordination

Bis(μ-quinoline-2-carboxyl­ato)-κ3 N,O:O;κ3 O:N,O-bis­[(acetato-κ2 O,O′)(methanol-κO)lead(II)]

The dinuclear title compound, [Pb2(C10H6NO2)2(CH3COO)2(CH3OH)2], lies across an inversion center. The methanol-coordinated PbII atom is chelated by the acetate anion as well as by the quinoline-2-carboxyl­ate anion. One O atom of the quinoline-2-carboxyl­ate anion bridges two symmetry-related PbII atoms, forming the dinuclear compound. Aside from the six atoms connected to the PbII atom by regular coordination bonds, the structure features a long Pb⋯O inter­action [3.145 (3) Å] that gives rise to a distorted Ψ-square-anti­prismatic geometry at the metal center. The H atom of the methanol is hydrogen bonded to an O atom of the acetate

The Risk Factors for Ectopic Pregnancy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Ectopic pregnancy is a common complication and one of the causes of pregnancy-related deaths. Considering the increased prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in recent years and the increased risk factors such as assisted reproductive treatment, the present study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in Babol, northern Iran. METHODS: This case-control study was performed on pregnant women who were admitted with suspicion for ectopic pregnancy or acute abdomen within a 6-year period. Patients diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy were selected in the case group and the control group was selected from among the pregnant women's medical record during the same years. Patients were examined in terms of age, parity, history of abortion, type of contraception, history of ectopic pregnancy, history of pelvic infections, history of cesarean section, infertility treatment, history of smoking, marriages within the family, medical history and underlying disease. FINDINGS: In this study, 201 patients were examined in each group. The mean age for the case group was 29.75±5.6 and for the control group was 28.62±6.4 years. Among the risk factors, assisted reproductive treatment (OR=10.24, p≤0.001), abdominal and pelvic surgery (OR=2.35, p=0.002), infertility (p=6.76, p<0.001), contraceptive pills (OR=0.61, p<0.001) and nulliparity (OR = 1.61, p=0.019) were associated with increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, the most important risk factors for ectopic pregnancy are the use of hormonal pills to prevent pregnancy and nulliparity, respectively