A Data-Driven Policy for Addressing Deployability Issue of FMM FRPs: Resources Qualification and Deliverability

Intensified netload uncertainty and variability led to the concept of a new market product, flexible ramping product (FRP). The main goal of FRP is to enhance the generation dispatch flexibility inside real-time (RT) markets to mitigate energy imbalances due to ramp capability shortage. Generally, the FRP requirements are based on system-wide or proxy requirements, so the effect of FRP awards on the transmission line constraints is not considered. This can lead to FRP deployability issues in RT operation. This paper proposes a new FRP design based on a datadriven policy incorporating ramping response factor sets to address FRP deployability issue. First, a data-mining algorithm is performed to predict the ramp-qualified generators to create the data-driven policy. Then, the FRP awards are assigned to these units while considering effects of post-deployment of FRPs on the transmission line limits. Finally, the proposed data-driven policy is tested against proxy policy through an out-of-sample validation phase that (i) mimics the RT operation of the CAISO, and (ii) represents the expensive ad-hoc actions needed for procuring additional ramping capability to follow realized netload changes. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed data-driven policy from reliability and economic points of vie

Optimal Scheduling of Distributed Energy Resources Considering Volt-VAr Controller of PV Smart Inverters

This paper proposes an operational scheduling model of distributed energy resources (DERs) and PV smart inverters with Volt-VAr controller using an accurate AC optimal power flow (ACOPF) in an unbalanced distribution network. A mathematical mixed-integer model of local Volt-VAr droop controller of the distributed mixed-phase PV smart inverters is proposed based on the IEEE 1547-2018 standard and is incorporated in the unbalanced ACOPF, which enables effective utilization of the Volt-VAr controllers to not only alleviate voltage issues locally but also at the feeder level. The proposed model is tested on two actual snapshots of a distribution feeder in Arizona. Also, the proposed operational scheduling method considering the Volt-VAr droop controller of PV smart inverters is compared with a recent work in scheduling of the PV smart inverters. The results illustrate that the PV smart inverters dispatches obtained by the proposed model can be practically implemented by local controller of inverters.Comment: In proceedings of the 11th Bulk Power Systems Dynamics and Control Symposium (IREP 2022), July 25-30, 2022, Banff, Canad