Behavioral toxicity evaluation of MgO nanoparticles on drosophila melanogaster

Günümüzde nanopartiküllerin üstün fizikokimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesinden sonra nanopartiküller ve nanoteknolojiye olan ilgi de hızlı bir şekilde artmış ve kullanım alanları da yaygınlaşmıştır. Üç fiziksel boyutundan en az biri 1-100 nm aralığında olan ve belirli nano-ölçekli özellikler gösterebilen maddeler olarak tanımlanan nanopartiküller, tıp, elektronik, kozmetik, çevresel temizlik gibi birçok farklı alanda yaygın kullanım alanına sahiptir. Bu yaygın kullanımdan dolayı insanların da nanopartiküllere olan maruziyeti gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Ayrıca nanopartiküllerin çevreye yayılması doğada ki birçok canlı için risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu sebeple de nanopartiküllerin yol açabileceği olumlu/olumsuz biyolojik etkilerin anlaşılabilmesi için yapılan çalışmalar da hız kazanmıştır. Bu bağlamda yapılan çalışmada MgO nanopartiküllerinin farklı konsantrasyonlarının (2, 5 ve 10 mM) Drosophila melanogaster üzerindeki davranışsal toksisiteye etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Davranışsal toksisitenin belirlenmesinde larval ağırlık ve hareketi, ergin birey ağırlığı, pupa oluşturma başarısı, pupa pozisyonu, pupadan çıkış başarısı, negatif jeotaksis ve ömür uzunluğu deneyleri gerçekleştirilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda MgO NP’lerinin genel olarak Drosophila melanogaster’da negatif bir etkiye neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Larval hareketin incelendiği deney kapsamında çalışma kapsamında en yüksek doz olarak belirlenen 10 mM’lık derişimin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde azalmaya neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Nowadays, after the determination of the superior physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, interest in nanoparticles and nanotechnology has increased rapidly and their usage areas have become widespread. Nanoparticles, which are defined as substances that have at least one of their three physical dimensions in the range of 1-100 nm and can show certain nanoscale properties, have a widespread use in many different fields such as medicine, electronics, cosmetics, environmental cleaning. Due to this widespread use, the exposure of humans to nanoparticles is increasing day by day. In addition, the spread of nanoparticles into the environment poses a risk to many living things in nature. For this reason, studies to understand the positive / negative biological effects that nanoparticles can cause have also gained momentum. In this context, it was aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of MgO nanoparticles (2, 5 and 10 mM) on behavioral toxicity on Drosophila melanogaster. In determining behavioral toxicity, larval weight and movement, adult weight, pupa formation success, pupal position, exit success, negative geotaxis and longevity tests were performed and evaluated. As a result of the study, it was determined that MgO NPs generally cause a negative effect on Drosophila melanogaster. Within the scope of the experiment in which the larval movement was examined, it was determined that the concentration of 10 mM, which was determined as the highest dose within the scope of the study, caused a statistically significant decrease

Morphologically different hydroxyapatite nanoparticles exert differential genotoxic effects in Drosophila

Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UABHydroxyapatite (HAP) occurs naturally in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and constitutes the hard structures in many organisms. Since synthetic nano-sized HAP (HAP-NPs) are used in orthopedic applications and for heavy metal remediation in aquatic and terrestrial media, both environment and humans are exposed to them. Due to the concerns about their potential hazards, the genotoxic effects that round/rod forms of HAP-NPs were investigated in Drosophila using the wing-spot and the comet assays. Furthermore, caspase activities were evaluated to examine the activation of cell death pathways. As a novelty, the expression of 36 genes involved in DNA repair was investigated, as a tool to indirectly determine DNA damage induction. Obtained sizes were 35-60 nm (roundHAP-NPs) and 45-90 nm (rodHAP-NPs) with a low Zeta-potential (-1.65 and 0.37 mV, respectively). Genotoxicity was detected in the wing-spot (round form), and in the comet assay (round and rod-like HA-NPs). In addition, increased expression of Caspases 3/7, 8, and 9 activities were observed. For both HAP forms, increased changes in the expression were observed for mismatch repair genes, while decreased expression was observed for genes involved in ATM, ATR, and cell cycle pathways. The observed changes in the repair pathways would reinforce the view that HAP-NPs have genotoxic potential, although more markedly in the round form. Thus, the environmental presence of engineered nanoparticles, including HAPs, raises concerns about potential effects on human health. It is essential that the effects of their use are carefully assessed and monitored to ensure safety and to mitigate any potential adverse effects

Disease prevalence among young dogs in Grand Tunis, Tunisia: A retrospective study

Aim: A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the occurrence, and the distribution of the most common clinical conditions of young dogs encountered at the National School of Veterinary Medicine clinic, Tunisia, from September 2012 to July 2013, based on sex, age, breeds, and season variation. Materials and Methods: A total of 515 cases were examined, and 11 clinical conditions were recorded. Clinical examination was performed. X-ray examination and necropsy were carried out only when needed. Results: Of the 515, 298 cases (57.86%) were male, while 217 (42.14%) were female. The breed-wise difference in the occurrence of various health problems was statistically significant. Nevertheless, no significant association was found between the occurrence of a disease and age. The commonly found clinical conditions were traumatic injuries (22.72%), ectoparasitic infections (20.58%), and gastroenteritis (13.40%). The occurrence of diseases was the highest (60.19%) in the wet season (September-February) followed by 39.81% in the dry season (March-July). Conclusion: The current study presents the first recorded data about the major clinical conditions of young dogs in Tunisia. These findings can be used to develop more effective disease management and control strategies

Prevalence of canine parvovirus infection in Grand Tunis, Tunisia

Objective: The aim of this work was to describe the prevalence of Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) infection in young dogs of clinical cases presented at the National School of Veterinary Medicine clinic coming from four different governorates of Tunisia, according to epidemiological parameters: sex, breed, age, period, and vaccination status. Materials and methods: 168 domestic juvenile dogs aged between one and seven months were selected based on their pattern of consultation (diarrhea or anorexia with or without vomiting). Data were collected from the database during the period going from September 2012 to July 2013. Results: The overall prevalence of CPV-2 was 32.14% (n=54/168). A total number of 54 young dogs, aging 1 to 7 months, of American Staffordshire terrier, German shepherd, Rottweiler and Spaniel breeds were affected. There was no sex predisposition and German shepherd was the over-represented breed (n=33/54; 61.11%). The prevalence of clinical cases below the three months old was 70.37% (n=38/54) with autumn (n=27/54; 50%) as the most common season of infection. Furthermore, the study showed that 87.04% (n=47/54) of CPV-2 unvaccinated young dogs were positive. Conclusion: This work was a new descriptive study concerning canine parvovirus infection in the Grand Tunis; further studies are required to better characterize the epidemiology of CPV-2 infection in Tunisia. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 93-97

Chitosan Treatment of E-11 Cells Modulates Transcription of Nonspecific Immune Genes and Reduces Nodavirus Capsid Protein Gene Expression

This study explores whether crustacean products inhibit viral infections in aquaculture. Chitosan (CHT) was extracted from waste products of Parapenaeus longirostris. Biochemical composition, viscosity measurement, molecular weight, structure and cytotoxicity tests were used to characterize the extracted chitosan. Cultures of E-11 cells derived from snakehead Ophicephalus striatus were inoculated with 106.74 TCID50 of an isolate of betanodavirus genotype RGNNV (redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus) after being treated with solutions of 0.3% CHT for 1 h at room temperature. The antiviral effect of CHT was assessed by comparing the ability of RGNVV to replicate and produce cytopathic effects on CHT-treated cell cultures. The change in RNA expression levels of the nodavirus capsid protein gene and three mediator genes in infected cells with or without CHT treatment was evaluated by qPCR. Changes in gene expression compared to control groups were monitored at 6, 24, 48 and 71 h post treatment in all target gene transcripts. The CCR3 expression in CHT treated cells showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) until day 3. On the other hand, the expression of TNF-α decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in CHT treated cells throughout the experimental period. Likewise, the expression of the IL-10 gene showed a significant downregulation in CHT treated cells at all time points (p ≤ 0.05). As further evidence of an antiviral effect, CHT treatment of cells produced a reduction in virus load as measured by a reduced expression of the viral capsid gene and the increase in RQ values from 406 ± 1.9 at hour 1 to 695 ± 3.27 at 72 h post inoculation. Statistical analysis showed that the expression of the viral capsid gene was significantly lower in cells treated with chitosan (p ≤ 0.05). These results improve our knowledge about the antiviral activity of this bioactive molecule and highlight its potential use in fish feed industry