Blue Jay Call Profile in Disparate Environments

Many species of birds have been observed to develop higher-pitched calls in urban environments; however local Blue Jays are unstudied (Mockford and Marshall, 2009). The urban environment\u27s high noise pollution imposes a significant fitness challenge; then, the urban Jay calls will be different (higher) than rural Jay(Parris and Schneider, 2009). A series of recordings were taken in rural and urban environments; it was clear that there is a significant increase in maximum and minimum kHz in urban jays than rural jays. These results suggest that blue jays alter their calls to accommodate the environmental factors in urban settings similar to the ways tropics and great tit papers suggest

Muon deficit in simulations of air showers inferred from AGASA data

Multiple experiments reported evidences of a muon deficit in air shower simulations with respect to data, which increases with the primary energy. In this work, we study the muon deficit using measurements of the muon density at 1000 m from the shower axis obtained by the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA). The selected events have reconstructed energies in the range $18.83\,\leq\,\log_{10}(E_{R}/\textrm{eV})\,\leq\,19.46$ and zenith angles $\theta\leq 36^{\circ}$. We compare these muon density measurements to proton, iron, and mixed composition scenarios, obtained by using the high-energy hadronic interaction models EPOS-LHC, QGSJetII-04, and Sibyll2.3c. We find that AGASA data are compatible with a heavier composition, lying above the predictions of the mixed composition scenarios. The average muon density divided by the energy in AGASA data is greater than in the mixed composition scenarios by a factor of $1.49\pm0.11\,\textrm{(stat)}\pm^{0.49}_{0.30}\,\textrm{(syst)}$, $1.54\pm0.12\,\textrm{(stat)}\pm^{0.50}_{0.31}\,\textrm{(syst)}$, and $1.66\pm0.13\,\textrm{(stat)} \pm ^{0.54}_{0.34}\,\textrm{(syst)}$ for EPOS-LHC, Sibyll2.3c, and QGSJetII-04, respectively. We interpret this as further evidence of a muon deficit in air shower simulations at the highest energies

Muon deficit in simulations of air showers inferred from AGASA data

Multiple experiments reported evidences of a muon deficit in air shower simulations with respect to data, which increases with the primary energy. In this work, we study the muon deficit using measurements of the muon density at 1000 m from the shower axis obtained by the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA). The selected events have reconstructed energies in the range $18.83\,\leq\,\log_{10}(E_{R}/\textrm{eV})\,\leq\,19.46$ and zenith angles $\theta\leq 36^{\circ}$. We compare these muon density measurements to proton, iron, and mixed composition scenarios, obtained by using the high-energy hadronic interaction models EPOS-LHC, QGSJetII-04, and Sibyll2.3c. We find that AGASA data are compatible with a heavier composition, lying above the predictions of the mixed composition scenarios. The average muon density divided by the energy in AGASA data is greater than in the mixed composition scenarios by a factor of $1.49\pm0.11\,\textrm{(stat)}\pm^{0.49}_{0.30}\,\textrm{(syst)}$, $1.54\pm0.12\,\textrm{(stat)}\pm^{0.50}_{0.31}\,\textrm{(syst)}$, and $1.66\pm0.13\,\textrm{(stat)} \pm ^{0.54}_{0.34}\,\textrm{(syst)}$ for EPOS-LHC, Sibyll2.3c, and QGSJetII-04, respectively. We interpret this as further evidence of a muon deficit in air shower simulations at the highest energies