Molecular and pathological signatures of epithelial–mesenchymal transitions at the cancer invasion front

Reduction of epithelial cell–cell adhesion via the transcriptional repression of cadherins in combination with the acquisition of mesenchymal properties are key determinants of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is associated with early stages of carcinogenesis, cancer invasion and recurrence. Furthermore, the tumor stroma dictates EMT through intensive bidirectional communication. The pathological analysis of EMT signatures is critically, especially to determine the presence of cancer cells at the resection margins of a tumor. When diffusion barriers disappear, EMT markers may be detected in sera from cancer patients. The detection of EMT signatures is not only important for diagnosis but can also be exploited to enhance classical chemotherapy treatments. In conclusion, further detailed understanding of the contextual cues and molecular mediators that control EMT will be required in order to develop diagnostic tools and small molecule inhibitors with potential clinical implications

Radiotherapy-activated cancer-associated fibroblasts promote tumor progression through paracrine IGF1R activation

Preoperative radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay in the management of rectal cancer (RC), a tumor characterized by desmoplastic stroma containing cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). Although CAF are abundantly present, the effects of RT to CAF and its impact on cancer cells are unknown. We evaluated the damage responses of CAF to RT and investigated changes in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell growth, transcriptome, metabolome, and kinome in response to paracrine signals emerging from irradiated CAF. RT to CAF induced DNA damage, p53 activation, cell cycle arrest, and secretion of paracrine mediators including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Subsequently, RT-activated CAF promoted survival of CRC cells as well as a metabolic switch favoring glutamine consumption through IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) activation. RT followed by IGF-1R neutralization in orthotopic CRC models reduced the number of mice with organ metastases. Activation of the downstream IGF-1R mediator mTOR was significantly higher in matched (intrapatient) samples and in unmatched (interpatient) samples from RC patients after neoadjuvant chemoRT. Taken together, our data support the notion that paracrine IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling initiated by RT-activated CAF worsen CRC progression, establishing a preclinical rationale to target this activation loop to further improve clinical responses and patient survival