Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae in food producing animals, minced meat and raw milk

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The impact of food animals as a possible reservoir for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing <it>Enterobacteriaceae</it>, and the dissemination of such strains into the food production chain need to be assessed. In this study 334 fecal samples from pigs, cattle, chicken and sheep were investigated at slaughter. Additionally, 100 raw milk samples, representing bulk tank milk of 100 different dairy farms, 104 minced meat (pork and beef) samples and 67 <it>E. coli </it>isolates from cattle <it>E. coli </it>mastitis were analyzed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>As many as 15.3% of the porcine, 13.7% of the bovine, 8.6% of the sheep and 63.4% of the chicken fecal samples yielded ESBL producers after an enrichment step. In contrast, none of the minced meat, none of the bulk tank milk samples and only one of the mastitis milk samples contained ESBL producing strains. Of the total of 91 isolates, 89 were <it>E. coli</it>, one was <it>Citrobacter youngae </it>and one was <it>Enterobacter cloacae</it>. PCR analysis revealed that 78 isolates (85.7%) produced CTX-M group 1 ESBLs while six isolates (6.6%) produced CTX-M group 9 enzymes. Five detected ESBLs (5.5%) belonged to the SHV group and 2 isolates (2.2%) contained a TEM-type enzyme. A total of 27 CTX-M producers were additionally PCR-positive for TEM-beta-lactamase. The ESBL-encoding genes of 53 isolates were sequenced of which 34 produced CTX-M-1, 6 produced CTX-M-14, 5 produced CTX-M-15 and also 5 produced SHV-12. Two isolates produced TEM-52 and one isolate expressed a novel CTX-M group 1 ESBL, CTX-M-117. One isolate--aside from a CTX-M ESBL-- contained an additional novel TEM-type broad-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-186.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The relatively high rates of ESBL producers in food animals and the high genetic diversity among these isolates are worrisome and indicate an established reservoir in farm animals.</p

ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: occurrence, risk factors for fecal carriage and strain traits in the Swiss slaughter cattle population younger than 2 years sampled at abattoir level

During the past decade extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae have become a matter of great concern in human and veterinary medicine. In this cross-sectional study fecal swabs of a geographically representative number of Swiss cattle at slaughterhouse level were sampled i) to determine the occurrence of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae in the Swiss slaughter cattle population younger than 2 years, and ii) to assess risk factors for shedding ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae. In total, 48 (8.4%; 95% C.I. 6.3-11.1%) independent ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae were detected among the 571 tested animals. Species identification revealed 46 E. coli strains, one Enterobacter cloacae and one Citrobacter youngae. In view of beta-lactam antibiotics, all 48 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin and cefpodoxime. Forty-five (93.8%) isolates were resistant cefuroxime; one (2.1%) isolate to cefoxitin, 28 (58.3%) isolates to cefotaxime, 2 (4.2%) isolates to ceftazidime, and 2 (4.2%) isolates to cefepime. Risk factors for shedding ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae were (i) age (OR 0.19 and 0.12 in age category 181 d to 1 y and 1 y to 2 y compared to ≤180 d), (ii) primary production type, meaning dairy compared to beef on farm of origin (OR 5.95), and (iii) more than 1 compared to less than 1 animal movement per d per 100 animals on farm of origin (OR 2.37)

Characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of ESBL-producing <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> isolated from cattle younger than 2

<p><b>years.</b> Symbols: black square, positive result or resistant to a specific antimicrobial agent; white square, negative result or susceptible to a specific antimicrobial. Abbreviations: AM, ampicillin (resistant ≤13 mm); AMC, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (resistant ≤13 mm); CF, cephalothin (resistant ≤14 mm); CXM, cefuroxime (resistant ≤14 mm); FOX, cefoxitin (resistant ≤14 mm); CPD, cefpodoxime (resistant ≤17 mm); CTX, cefotaxime (resistant ≤14 mm); CAZ, ceftazidime (resistant ≤14 mm); FEP, cefepime (resistant ≤14 mm); GM, gentamicin (resistant ≤10 mm); S, streptomycin (resistant ≤11 mm); SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (resistant ≤10 mm); TE, tetracycline (resistant ≤11 mm); NA, nalidixic acid (resistant ≤13 mm); CIP, ciprofloxacin (resistant ≤15 mm); C, chloramphenicol (resistant ≤12 mm). Discrimination between “susceptible” and “resistant” was strictly according to CLSI interpretive criteria. It should be noted, however, that for clinical and therapeutic purposes, ESBL producers should generally be reported resistant to cephalosporins of all 4 generations and monobactams.</p

Description of risk factors studied in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.

<p>Description of risk factors studied in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.</p

Prevalences of animals with ESBL positive isolates.

*<p>95% confidence interval with Yates' continuity correction.</p

Farm level risk factors for ESBL shedding.

<p>Multivariate logistic regression model.</p

Animal level risk factors for ESBL shedding.

<p>Logistic regression model.</p

Molecular Identification of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase Genes from Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Healthy Human Carriers in Switzerland

In this study, fecal samples from 586 healthy humans were investigated to determine the occurrence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Swiss people. A total of 5.8% of the human fecal samples yielded ESBL producers, and all of the 34 isolated strains were Escherichia coli. PCR analysis revealed that 14 strains produced CTX-M-15, 10 produced CTX-M-1, 7 strains produced CTX-M-14, and 2 strains produced CTX-M-2 ESBLs. One strain produced SHV-12 ESBL. Of the 34 isolates, 15 produced additional TEM-1 broad-spectrum β-lactamases. By serotyping, a high degree of diversity among the strains was found