Ground beetles as indicator species for stand tradition and nearness to nature of broadleaved forests

Laufkäfer werden in ökologischen Studien zur Lebensraumbewertung sehr häufig als Bioindikatoren hinzugezogen (PLATEN & KOWARIK 1995, PLATNER et al. 1996, POSPISCHIL 1981), denn ihre Ökologie und die daraus resultierenden ökologischen Ansprüche sind durch zahlreiche Studien eingehend untersucht (u.a. BAEHR 1980, LINDROTH 1945, THIELE 1977). Unterschiede in der Artengemeinschaft bzw. Änderungen in der Abundanz der Carabiden lassen Rückschlüsse über Habitatqualität, Standortsfaktoren, Minimalareal- Fragen, Habitattradition und Vernetzung von Lebensräumen zu. Diese Tatsachen wurden ausgenutzt, um die Bestandstradition und die Naturnähe der Bestockung der Probeflächen zu untersuchen. Diese sind weitgehend naturnahe Wälder im südbayerischen Tertiärhügelland, einem insgesamt wenig naturnahen, forstlich durch Fichtenforste geprägten Landschaftsraum.The role of isolated near natural broadleaved forests in a landscape dominated by manmade coniferous plantations was investigated using ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as indicator species. Natural beech and ravine forests as well as near-natural secondary oak forests, and a pure spruce stand were researched using pitfall traps. The results were ordinated using CCA including 76 additional sites in similar forest associations. The carabid faunas of these associations group together rather well. Wet forests are most distinct, including natural oak-hornbeam forests and wet ravine forests. Dry ravine forests on calcareous slopes overlap with beech forests on calcareous sites to a certain degree, while acidic beech forests are distinct. The investigated isolated sites do not group with the natural reference sites well, the main reason being „size of forest“ and „size of broadleaved forest“, according to the CCA. These factors are to blame for an apparent loss of species that could be expected for these sites according to data from similar sites under different circumstances. Especially one investigation area with only about 5 hectares of completely isolated forest and a historical record of large-scale deforestation (for use as a vineyard and as a coppice-with-standards stand) is deprived of many species. In the other investigated area, Carabus purpurascens, absent from the entire tertiary hill land of southern Bavaria, was rediscovered after approximately 100 years in an oak forest. In this site, circumstances are apparently better, albeit not good, again due largely to habitat fragmentation, though not habitat tradition. The species lost on these sites are foremost stenotopic forest species with preference to broadleaved forests, species with a montane distribution and large species (several species of the genus Carabus) with accordingly large requirements for contiguous habitat. The results stress the importance of the protection of forests with a habitat tradition on a sufficient area

Comparison of the canopy fauna of silver fir (Abies alba) and spruce trees (Picea abies)

Natürlicherweise war die Tanne (Abies alba) in den bayerischen Wäldern mit Anteilen von bis zu 20% vertreten (nach ROTHE & BORCHERT 2003). Seit 150 Jahren aber gehen die Tannenbestände in drastischem Ausmaß zurück, was nicht nur auf die wachsende Schadstoffbelastung der Luft, sondern auch auf hohe Wildbestände und die einseitige Waldbewirtschaftung zugunsten der Fichte (Picea abies) zurückzuführen ist. In jüngster Zeit wird seitens der Staatsforstverwaltung angestrebt, der Tanne ihren angestammten Platz in unseren Wäldern wieder einzuräumen (BAYERISCHES STAATSMINISTERIUM FÜR LANDWIRTSCHAFT UND FORSTEN 1993). Es stellt sich die Frage, welchen Beitrag die Tanne zur Biodiversität in Wäldern und speziell in Mischwäldern leistet. Frühere Untersuchungen beschrieben die Tannenfauna als artenarm im Vergleich mit anderen Baumarten (BÖHME 2001, BUCKING 1998), allerdings wurde die Kronenfauna dabei stets vernachlässigt. Da aber 90% eines Hochwaldes über der Reichhöhe eines Menschen liegt (BUßLER et al. 2004), sind Untersuchungen im Kronenraum höheren Straten für eine umfassende Aussage über die Fauna auf Bäumen von großer Bedeutung. Bis jetzt gibt es trotz des generell wachsenden Interesses an der Kronenfauna keine umfassenden Untersuchungen an Tanne (MÜLLER & GOSSNER 2004). Mit dem hier vorgestellten Projekt sollte begonnen werden, die Wissenslücke um die Insektenfauna in Tannenkronen zu schließen. Den xylobionten Käfern galt besondere Aufmerksamkeit, da sie als eine baumartengebundene Insektengruppe für vergleichendeUntersuchungen sehr gut geeignet und sowohl taxonomisch als auch ökologisch gut untersucht sind. Daneben wurden Heteroptera, Neuropterida und Hymenoptera bearbeitet .In the context of forest ecological support programs of silver fir as the “Tree of the year 2004”, the relative contribution of fir and spruce trees to forest insect diversity is compared in present investigation. Previous studies had postulated a species poor community on fir. Insects were sampled by flight-interception traps at 6 different sites in Bavaria in the year 2004. Traps were installed in the centre of the canopy of a total of 30 trees (>100 years) of each species and emptied monthly from April through October. Specimens of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera and Neuropterida were enumerated. A total of 20.562 specimens was collected, with Coleoptera being the dominant order. The comparison between fir and spruce revealed significant differences in numbers of specimens of Hymenoptera, Heteroptera and Neuropterida. Regarding saproxylic beetle species, a significant difference between fir and spruce was found at one site (Feuchtwangen) only. The Sørensen index values showed a strong similarity between the mountainous sites (Inzell, Reit im Winkel, Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald). Several species in the samples are listed in the German Red Data Book of endangered and threatened species. Most of these were sampled on fir, e.g. Episernus striatellus (RL-D 0) and Euglenes pygmaeus (RL-D 1)

Diversity of aphidophagous insects in the Bavarian Forest : what contributions does White fir make in comparison to spruce?

Die Weißtanne (Abies alba) – Symbol für naturnahe Waldwirtschaft – ist im Bayerischen Wald beheimatet. Die Tanne ist dort neben Fichte und Buche das prägende Element der Bergmischwälder auf Höhen von 600 bis 1250 m. Einstmals war sie mit etwa 20 % (ROTHE & BORCHERT 2003) am Waldaufbau beteiligt. Seit rund 150 Jahren ist jedoch ein drastischer Rückgang der Tanne - nicht nur im Bayerischen Wald – zu verzeichnen. Die Ursachen für den Rückgang der Tanne sind überwiegend anthropogen bedingt. In erster Linie ist hier die Forstwirtschaft zu erwähnen, die bestrebt ist durch waldbauliche Maßnahmen den Fichtenanteil anzuheben. An zweiter Stelle stehen die neuartigen Waldschäden, welche, bedingt durch Schadstoffimmissionen in den 70er und 80er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts, zu verstärktem Absterben der Tanne führten. Noch heute ist die Tanne die am stärksten geschädigte Baumart in Bayern (BAYSTMLF 2002). Ein weiterer nicht zu vergessender Faktor für den Rückgang der Tanne sind die z.T. hohen Wildbestände, durch deren Verbiss und Schälen junger Tannen das Heranwachsen einer neuen Generation verhindert wird. Mit dem Rückgang der Tanne verändert sich jedoch nicht nur die Baumartenzusammensetzung, sondern auch Tier- und Pflanzenarten sind direkt und indirekt betroffen. Die Arthropodenfauna der bisher kaum untersuchten Tanne wird als relativ artenarm beschrieben (BRÄNDLE & BRANDL 2001), jedoch gibt es wenige spezielle Untersuchungen an dieser Baumart (MÜLLER & GOßNER 2004).In the present study the impact of White fir (Abies alba) as compared to spruce (Picea abies) on the diversity of aphidophagous insects was analysed. To this end, tree crown communities of five trees each were sampled by flight interception traps in the Bavarian Forest National Park in the year 2004. Altogether 386 specimens of 31 aphidophagous species, including: Heteroptera, Neuropterida, and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) were captured on the two coniferous species. Number of specimens and species as well as diversity (Fisher’s alpha) of aphidophagous insects was significantly higher on White fir as compared to spruce. With the exception of three species, all species where found in higher numbers in tree crowns of White fir. The favourable microclimatic conditions of the more open crown structure of White fir compared to spruce as well as the quality and quantity of aphid resource availability are discussed as possible abiotic and biotic factors affecting the observed patterns of aphidophagous communities

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Neorthrius unicolor Gerstmeier 2019, n. sp.

<i>Neorthrius unicolor</i> n. sp. <p>(Figs 69, 131)</p>Published as part of <i>Gerstmeier, Roland, 2019, Revision of the genus Neorthrius Gerstmeier & Eberle, 2011 (Coleoptera, Cleridae, Clerinae), pp. 1-127 in Zootaxa 4569 (1)</i> on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4569.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2608345">http://zenodo.org/record/2608345</a&gt

Neorthrius monticola

Neorthrius monticola (Schenkling, 1906) (Figs 45, 110) Orthrius monticola Schenkling 1906: 267.Published as part of Gerstmeier, Roland, 2019, Revision of the genus Neorthrius Gerstmeier & Eberle, 2011 (Coleoptera, Cleridae, Clerinae), pp. 1-127 in Zootaxa 4569 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4569.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/260834

Neorthrius bengalus Gerstmeier 2019, n. comb.

Neorthrius bengalus (Westwood, 1852) n. comb. (Figs 12, 81) Clerus bengala Westwood 1852: 41; Schenkling 1903a: 14 (transfer to Orthrius).Published as part of Gerstmeier, Roland, 2019, Revision of the genus Neorthrius Gerstmeier & Eberle, 2011 (Coleoptera, Cleridae, Clerinae), pp. 1-127 in Zootaxa 4569 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4569.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/260834

Neorthrius ebenus Gerstmeier 2019, n. sp.

Neorthrius ebenus n. sp. (Figs 29, 96)Published as part of Gerstmeier, Roland, 2019, Revision of the genus Neorthrius Gerstmeier & Eberle, 2011 (Coleoptera, Cleridae, Clerinae), pp. 1-127 in Zootaxa 4569 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4569.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/260834

Neorthrius mariannae Gerstmeier 2019, n. sp.

Neorthrius mariannae n. sp. (Fig. 42, 107)Published as part of Gerstmeier, Roland, 2019, Revision of the genus Neorthrius Gerstmeier & Eberle, 2011 (Coleoptera, Cleridae, Clerinae), pp. 1-127 in Zootaxa 4569 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4569.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/260834