Rana Catesbeiana Diet

Data were obtained opportunistically from 28 adult (14M; 14 F) bullfrogs collected during April 2001 from Meadow Valley Wash located between the cities of Carp and Elgin, Lincoln County. Nevada, USA (37⁰17’N, 114⁰30\u27W). Although there are two summary reports that provide publication lists of bullfrog food/diet literature (Bury and Whelan I 984. Ecology and Management of the Bullfrog. USDI, FWS Resource Publ. 155. 23 pp.; Casper and Hendricks, in press. In M.J. Lannoo [ed.], Status and Conservation of U.S. Amphibians. Univ. California Press, Berkeley), there are, to our knowledge, no published bullfrog diets from this region

Analysis of lead levels in deciduous teeth from children in Clark County, Nevada.

Background: Elevated blood lead levels (EBLL) are declining in the United States, although some population subgroups continue to exhibit significant health disparities. A childhood lead poisoning prevention program was recently started in Nevada, and many efforts have been made to support this program and increase the screening rates. Methods: To expand the potential pool of children screened for EBLLs, a pilot study was performed to evaluate lead concentrations in extracted deciduous teeth using Graphic Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Results: Lead concentrations as determined by GFAAS and ICP-MS were found to be within normal ranges (0.585 ppm ± 0.022) and were similar to previous studies. Hispanic patients exhibited higher lead levels (0.580 ppm ± 0.032) than Black (0.478 ppm ± 0.051) patients, and were significantly higher than White (0.275 ppm ± 0.035) patients (p \u3c 0.05). Analysis of a small number of matched saliva samples, however, found no evidence for acute lead poisoning. Although limited by a small initial sample size (n=22), this pilot study provides evidence that teeth can be effectively used to reveal lead exposure in pediatric dentistry patients

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) screening and detection in healthy patient saliva samples: a pilot study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a large family of non-enveloped DNA viruses, mainly associated with cervical cancers. Recent epidemiologic evidence has suggested that HPV may be an independent risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers. Evidence now suggests HPV may modulate the malignancy process in some tobacco- and alcohol-induced oropharynx tumors, but might also be the primary oncogenic factor for inducing carcinogenesis among some non-smokers. More evidence, however, is needed regarding oral HPV prevalence among healthy adults to estimate risk. The goal of this study was to perform an HPV screening of normal healthy adults to assess oral HPV prevalence.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Healthy adult patients at a US dental school were selected to participate in this pilot study. DNA was isolated from saliva samples and screened for high-risk HPV strains HPV16 and HPV18 and further processed using qPCR for quantification and to confirm analytical sensitivity and specificity.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Chi-square analysis revealed the patient sample was representative of the general clinic population with respect to gender, race and age (<it>p </it>< 0.05). Four patient samples were found to harbor HPV16 DNA, representing 2.6% of the total (n = 151). Three of the four HPV16-positive samples were from patients under 65 years of age and all four were female and Hispanic (non-White). No samples tested positive for HPV18.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The successful recruitment and screening of healthy adult patients revealed HPV16, but not HPV18, was present in a small subset. These results provide new information about oral HPV status, which may help to contextualize results from other studies that demonstrate oral cancer rates have risen in the US among both females and minorities and in some geographic areas that are not solely explained by rates of tobacco and alcohol use. The results of this study may be of significant value to further our understanding of oral health and disease risk, as well as to help design future studies exploring the role of other factors that influence oral HPV exposure, as well as the short- and long-term consequences of oral HPV infection.</p

Mercury concentrations in muscle tissue from sportfish in Lake Mead, Nevada

The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of mercury present in commonly consumed fish from Lake Mead and to identify if differences exist between the 4 major basins. To date, no formal study using US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) approved methodology has been conducted to quantify the amount of mercury present in fish tissue from Lake Mead. Largemouth bass (n = 49), striped bass (n = 94) and channel catfish (n = 78) were collected from selected sites in Boulder Basin, Overton Arm, Virgin Basin and Gregg Basin of Lake Mead. Muscle tissue was homogenized, digested and analyzed for mercury in accordance with USEPA Method 245.6. Mean total mercury concentrations were (± SD) 0.089 ± 0.065, 0.154 ± 0.127 and 0.098 ± 0.080 μg/g in largemouth bass, striped bass and channel catfish, respectively. There was a significant overall difference in mean mercury concentration between fish from the 4 major basins of Lake Mead (F3,208= 20.541, p \u3c 0.001). The mean mercury concentration in Boulder Basin was significantly lower than all other locations (p \u3c 0.001). Of 221 samples analyzed, 10 samples were found to have mean mercury concentrations above the USEPA\u27s 2001 tissue residue criterion of 0.3 μg methlymercury/g fish tissue

Letter to the Editor Regarding Responses to “An Evaluation of Mercury Concentrations in Three Brands of Canned Tuna”

The authors thank Dr. Ralston for his interest in our work and for his thought-provoking remarks. We do agree to some extent with his comments regarding the necessity for more understanding of the complex interactions between mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) with regard to human health. However, our study was constructed based upon the model for risk assessment of mercury in tuna set forth by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in Yess. This model was chosen because it is the current standard for risk assessment of mercury in tuna and because it is consistent, and therefore comparable to, current literature

Environmental concern: The influence of an introductory science class on environmental perceptions

An environmental concern scale (ECS) was administered to a group of college students before and after completion of an introductory environmental science class. A significant increase in the level of concern was seen in questions related to overall environmental awareness and personal responsibility. Specifically, concern was raised on questions related to slowing down pollution, preventing animal extinction, and students’ willingness to accept an increase in family expenses to help protect the environment. After completing the course, students also supported providing ample opportunities in all schools to learn about environmental issues. These data provide evidence that a college level environmental education experience can have an impact on environmental concerns and anticipated future behaviors. These data stress the importance and influence of environmental education at the higher educational (college) levels, and indicate such courses may provide opportunities for students in diverse degree programs to reshape their personal environmental ethic

Behavioral Responses of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, During Feeding and Hypoxia

The Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, inhabits areas that are frequently subject to periods of hypoxia. This species can employ physiological mechanisms that allow it to cope with acute hypoxic episodes. When crabs feed there is a general increase in physiological variables; these may pose an additional physiological burden on crabs already attempting to maintain adequate oxygen uptake in hypoxia. In Barkley Sound, British Columbia, the inshore habitats of C. magister ranged in dissolved oxygen from 28 kPa at the water surface to less than 1.0 kPa just above the sediment–water interface. During short-term hypoxic events, crabs reduced both the amount of food eaten and the amount of time spent feeding. Crabs tended to cease feeding below 3.2 kPa oxygen, but resumed feeding when the dissolved oxygen tensions were rapidly raised to 6 kPa. In a high (10.5–21 kPa) oxygen gradient, both unfed and fed crabs showed no preference for any area of the gradient. In a low (2.5–10.5 kPa) dissolved oxygen gradient, both unfed and fed crabs preferred the highest oxygen regime. In the laboratory, crabs were less likely to enter hypoxic waters (below 3.2 kPa oxygen) to obtain and consume food; those that did moved the food to a higher oxygen regime prior to feeding and settled in higher oxygen regimes for digestion. Crab behaviour was also monitored in the field. Fed and unfed crabs were fitted with ultrasonic telemetry tags and tracked during a tidal cycle. Unfed crabs remained mobile, travelling up to 1,370 m within 6 h, while postprandial crabs settled in areas of high oxygen and moved very little during the first 48 h after release. The present study suggests that C. magister exhibits behavioural responses in order to minimise the use of physiological mechanisms, and maximise foraging and digestive processes. Thus the nutritional state of the individual may be important in regulating both its behaviour and distribution in its natural environment

Potential lead hazards in pre-1978 childcare facilities in Southern Nevada

Communities continue to find lead in buildings and manufactured goods, placing children at risk for negative health effects. This study sought to determine the presence or absence of traditional and non-traditional lead hazards in the total population of pre-1978 licensed childcare facilities in Clark County, Nevada (N = 94) through lead risk assessments. Analysis suggests that the pre-1978 structures in Clark County Nevada, USA do not follow national trends pertaining to the prevalence of lead-based paint, dust, and soil. Of the 94 facilities assessed: 30 (31.9%) contained lead-based paint, 41 (43.6%) contained leaded tile, 9 (9.5%) had dust exceeding EPA clearance standards, and 7 (7.4%) facilities had playground equipment test positive for lead. These results confirm the need for continued monitoring of traditional and non-traditional sources of lead to prevent unnecessary lead exposure in childcare facilities

The Status of Childhood Lead Poisoning and Prevention in Nevada, USA

One of the first steps in addressing the problem of childhood lead poisoning is to identify the possible sources of exposure in specific communities and target high-risk populations with appropriate interventions. Due to several factors, such as lack of funding and lack of blood lead reporting, little information exists regarding the occurrence of childhood lead poisoning and the prevalence of potential exposure sources in the state of Nevada. Following the recent establishment of a Nevada-based Lead Poisoning Program, we compiled the most current information available on Nevadans, and use this knowledge to suggest future research objectives and outreach activities for the state. Accordingly, we identify the characteristics of the vulnerable Nevada populations, explore possible sources of lead exposure unique to Nevada, and summarize the existing data on childhood lead poisoning. Emerging data indicates that Nevada is an area of rapid population growth, characterized by increasing immigration from Latin America, increasing numbers of children from low-income families with no health insurance. Also, childhood lead poisoning may arise from exposure to non-paint sources of lead. After presenting the Nevada statistics, we propose and recommend a set of research and outreach strategies that best suit the needs of Nevada residents

Lead-Contaminated Candies in Southern Nevada

Lead-contaminated candies from Latin America are beginning to gain attention in the public media1,2 and in the medical literature.3–5 These candies come from a number of sources and are manufactured outside Food and Drug Administration regulatory control. In 2005, we sampled 50 imported Latin American candies sold in Southern Nevada. A total of 20 (40%) tested positive with an average lead content of 1.46 0.27 mg/kg in the candies’ wrappers and straws, based on standard Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry methodology. Given these results, the Southern Nevada Health District issued a cease-and-desist order on February 13, 2006, to local commercial establishments selling imported Latin American candies