3,295 research outputs found
Coping with economic shocks: Consumption Smoothing and the 1998 Russian Financial Crisis
Applying quantile regression techniques to Russian data we investigate the channels through which individuals experience changes in their well being. We find that married individuals in non-rural households with university-educated heads are less vulnerable to severe welfare shocks. For the most vulnerable individuals the labour market plays a key role in transmitting the effects of aggregate shocks through the unemployment channel whereas those individuals able to maintain their employment status are more able to cope with economic shocks. While increases in pension payments help individuals to cope with shocks, it transpires that vulnerable individuals rely more broadly on the support of relatives and the produce of their garden plots and dachas
Achieving the G20 gender equality target by tackling sexual exploitation through legal uniformity, extra territoriality and corporate responsibility
Exploitation of some individuals and groups by others is a depressingly familiar aspect of human society which enables one individual or group to succeed at the expense of another. Whilst not seeking to downplay abuse of men and male children, this paper focuses on sexual exploitation of women and girls, whether through direct violence, the imposition of fear or coercion, and whether or not for financial motivation. We have chosen sexual exploitation because, as we shall see, it is predominantly directed at women and girls and has uniquely traumatic effect. Sexual exploitation may occur within territorial boundaries but it has become increasingly transnational through travelling abusers (often serial intimate partners), human trafficking and online sexual exploitation (which has a particular effect on the progress of female children ). Law and policy have both developed separate approaches in relation to sexual exploitation within relationships as opposed to where it occurs for profit. In our view, any policy or legislative distinction between domestic and organised sexual crime is artificial, unnecessary and counter-productive. The common manipulation of the intimate partner relationship for commercial sexual exploitation is an obvious example of the failure of this approach. Tackling this as purely commercial or purely domestic ignores vital causes and consequences. Although the causes of sexual exploitation may differ depending on the relationship between victim and exploiter, the result is the same: an exploited victim. Importantly, the longer term consequences for the victims are often the same whether the exploitation takes place in a purely domestic or commercial context.Health consequences from sexual exploitation are well researched. Women and girls are inhibited by the lack of empowerment this brings in reaching their full potential. This has a knock on effect in the workforce of any state, with a consequent effect on economic prosperity. In November 2014, the G20 countries committed to a “goal of reducing the gap in participation rates between men and women [in the G20 countries] by 25% by 2025, taking into account national circumstances, to bring more than 100 million women into the labour force in order to significantly increase global growth and reduce poverty and inequality”. It has been said that there are three key levers to achieve female workforce participation – social change in the sense of changing norms and stereotypes about work undertaken, policy change in relation to incentives and child care and workplace change closing gaps in wages and increasing the number of women in leadership positions . This paper seeks to add a fourth dimension in the context of empowering women by tackling sexual exploitation. We suggest the need to focus on legal uniformity, extra territoriality and corporate responsibility. We argue that there is a link between legal and policy approaches to sexual exploitation and the successful empowerment of women through employment. If equality is a genuine goal then the policy on sexual exploitation needs to be addressed at global level in the context of law and economic progress
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Global standards on sexual violence will get more women into work
Low error measurement-free phase gates for qubus computation
We discuss the desired criteria for a two-qubit phase gate and present a
method for realising such a gate for quantum computation that is
measurement-free and low error. The gate is implemented between qubits via an
intermediate bus mode. We take a coherent state as the bus and use cross-Kerr
type interactions between the bus and the qubits. This new method is robust
against parameter variations and is thus low error. It fundamentally improves
on previous methods due its deterministic nature and the lack of approximations
used in the geometry of the phase rotations. This interaction is applicable
both to solid state and photonic qubit systems.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Published versio
Correlated Multiphoton Holes
We generate bipartite states of light which exhibit an absence of multiphoton
coincidence events between two modes amid a constant background flux. These
`correlated photon holes' are produced by mixing a coherent state and
relatively weak spontaneous parametric down-conversion using a balanced
beamsplitter. Correlated holes with arbitrarily high photon numbers may be
obtained by adjusting the relative phase and amplitude of the inputs. We
measure states of up to five photons and verify their nonclassicality. The
scheme provides a route for observation of high-photon-number nonclassical
correlations without requiring intense quantum resources.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, comments are welcom
Loss-Induced Limits to Phase Measurement Precision with Maximally Entangled States
The presence of loss limits the precision of an approach to phase measurement
using maximally entangled states, also referred to as NOON states. A
calculation using a simple beam-splitter model of loss shows that, for all
nonzero values L of the loss, phase measurement precision degrades with
increasing number N of entangled photons for N sufficiently large. For L above
a critical value of approximately 0.785, phase measurement precision degrades
with increasing N for all values of N. For L near zero, phase measurement
precision improves with increasing N down to a limiting precision of
approximately 1.018 L radians, attained at N approximately equal to 2.218/L,
and degrades as N increases beyond this value. Phase measurement precision with
multiple measurements and a fixed total number of photons N_T is also examined.
For L above a critical value of approximately 0.586, the ratio of phase
measurement precision attainable with NOON states to that attainable by
conventional methods using unentangled coherent states degrades with increasing
N, the number of entangled photons employed in a single measurement, for all
values of N. For L near zero this ratio is optimized by using approximately
N=1.279/L entangled photons in each measurement, yielding a precision of
approximately 1.340 sqrt(L/N_T) radians.Comment: Additional references include
Jaynes Cummings treatment of superconducting resonators with dielectric loss due to two-level systems
We perform a quantum mechanical analysis of superconducting resonators
subject to dielectric loss arising from charged two-level systems. We present
numerical and analytical descriptions of the dynamics of energy decay from the
resonator within the Jaynes-Cummings model. Our analysis allows us to
distinguish the strong and weak coupling regimes of the model and to describe
within each regime cases where the two-level system is unsaturated or
saturated. We find that the quantum theory agrees with the classical model for
weak coupling. However, for strong coupling the quantum theory predicts lower
loss than the classical theory in the unsaturated regime. Also, in contrast to
the classical theory, the photon number at which saturation occurs in the
strong coupling quantum theory is independent of the coupling between the
resonator and the two-level system.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure
A Guide to Disability Statistics from the National Health Interview Survey
The purpose of this paper is to examine the information on the population with disabilities in a nationally representative survey conducted by the National Center on Health Statistics called the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The paper provides a description of the disability information available in the NHIS and how the data may be used to assess the employment, economic well being and health of the population. Descriptive statistics from the 2002 NHIS public use files are used to illustrate the type of analysis that will be useful to researchers and policymakers
A rate equation approach to cavity mediated laser cooling
The cooling rate for cavity mediated laser cooling scales as the Lamb-Dicke
parameter eta squared. A proper analysis of the cooling process hence needs to
take terms up to eta^2 in the system dynamics into account. In this paper, we
present such an analysis for a standard scenario of cavity mediated laser
cooling with eta << 1. Our results confirm that there are many similarities
between ordinary and cavity mediated laser cooling. However, for a weakly
confined particle inside a strongly coupled cavity, which is the most
interesting case for the cooling of molecules, numerical results indicate that
even more detailed calculations are needed to model the cooling process
accurately.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, minor corrections, PRA (in press
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