A stress-induced source of phonon bursts and quasiparticle poisoning.

The performance of superconducting qubits is degraded by a poorly characterized set of energy sources breaking the Cooper pairs responsible for superconductivity, creating a condition often called quasiparticle poisoning. Both superconducting qubits and low threshold dark matter calorimeters have observed excess bursts of quasiparticles or phonons that decrease in rate with time. Here, we show that a silicon crystal glued to its holder exhibits a rate of low-energy phonon events that is more than two orders of magnitude larger than in a functionally identical crystal suspended from its holder in a low-stress state. The excess phonon event rate in the glued crystal decreases with time since cooldown, consistent with a source of phonon bursts which contributes to quasiparticle poisoning in quantum circuits and the low-energy events observed in cryogenic calorimeters. We argue that relaxation of thermally induced stress between the glue and crystal is the source of these events

A Stress Induced Source of Phonon Bursts and Quasiparticle Poisoning

The performance of superconducting qubits is degraded by a poorly characterized set of energy sources breaking the Cooper pairs responsible for superconductivity, creating a condition often called "quasiparticle poisoning." Recently, a superconductor with one of the lowest average quasiparticle densities ever measured exhibited quasiparticles primarily produced in bursts which decreased in rate with time after cooldown. Similarly, several cryogenic calorimeters used to search for dark matter have also observed an unknown source of low-energy phonon bursts that decrease in rate with time after cooldown. Here, we show that a silicon crystal glued to its holder exhibits a rate of low-energy phonon events that is more than two orders of magnitude larger than in a functionally identical crystal suspended from its holder in a low-stress state. The excess phonon event rate in the glued crystal decreases with time since cooldown, consistent with a source of phonon bursts which contributes to quasiparticle poisoning in quantum circuits and the low-energy events observed in cryogenic calorimeters. We argue that relaxation of thermally induced stress between the glue and crystal is the source of these events, and conclude that stress relaxation contributes to quasiparticle poisoning in superconducting qubits and the athermal phonon background in a broad class of rare-event searches.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures. W. A. Page and R. K. Romani contributed equally to this work. Correspondence should be addressed to R. K. Roman

Improving parenting practices for early child development: Experimental evidence from Rwanda

This paper investigates the short- and medium-term impact of a randomized groupbased early child development programme targeting parents of children aged six to 24 months in a poor, rural district of Rwanda. The programme engaged parents through sessions that included a radio show and facilitated discussions during 17 weekly village-level meetings. Twelve months after baseline, children's communication, problem-solving, and personal social skills improved in treated groups. After almost three years, the effects on child development outcomes in the full treatment group persisted (by 0.18 SD). The intervention also resulted in increases in maternal time investments in both the short and the medium term, as well as improvements in parents' perceptions about their self-efficacy and influence over their child's development. A linear mediation analysis shows that 20 per cent of the positive changes observed in child development can be attributed to the increase in time mothers spent engaging with their children

Contact-less phonon detection with massive cryogenic absorbers

International audienceWe have developed a contactless technique for the real time measurement of athermal (Cooper-pair breaking) phonons in an absorber held at subkelvin temperatures. In particular, a thin-film aluminum superconducting resonator was realized on a 30 g high-resistivity silicon crystal. The lumped-element resonator is inductively excited/readout by a radio frequency microstrip feed-line deposited on another wafer; the sensor, a kinetic inductance detector, is readout without any physical contact or wiring to the absorber. The resonator demonstrates excellent electrical properties, particularly in terms of its internal quality factor. The detection of alphas and gammas in the massive absorber is achieved, with an RMS energy resolution of about 1.4 keV, which is already interesting for particle physics applications. The resolution of this prototype detector is mainly limited by the low ( ≈ 0.3 %) conversion efficiency of deposited energy to superconducting excitations (quasiparticles). The demonstrated technique can be further optimized and used to produce large arrays of athermal phonon detectors, for use in rare event searches such as dark matter direct detection, neutrinoless double beta decay, or coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering

Susceptibility, permissiveness, and host response of chicken endothelial cells to infection with avian influenza viruses

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Productive replication of avian influenza viruses in chicken endothelial cells is determined by hemagglutinin cleavability and is related to innate immune escape

International audienceEndotheliotropism is a hallmark of gallinaceous poultry infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses and a feature that distinguishes HPAI from low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Here, we used chicken aortic endothelial cells (chAEC) as a novel in vitro infection model to assess the susceptibility, permissiveness, and host response of chicken endothelial cells (EC) to infections with avian influenza (AI) viruses. Our data show that productive replication of AI viruses in chAEC is critically determined by hemagglutinin cleavability, and is thus an exclusive trait of HPAI viruses. However, we provide evidence for a link between limited (i.e. trypsin-dependent) replication of certain LPAI viruses, and the viruses’ ability to dampen the antiviral innate immune response in infected chAEC. Strikingly, this cell response pattern was also detected in HPAI virus-infected chAEC, suggesting that viral innate immune escape might be a prerequisite for robust AI virus replication in chicken EC