Exit, Voice, and Disloyalty

This Lecture begins with a puzzle about Albert Hirschman’s famous work Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Why do we make much of exit and voice but utterly neglect loyalty? It’s a question that goes well beyond Hirschman’s book. For example, much of constitutional theory is preoccupied with a single question: What doesademocracy owe its minorities? And most of the answers to this question fit naturally into the two categories Hirschman made famous: voice and exit. On both the rights side and the structural side of constitutional theory, scholars worry about providing minorities with an adequate level of influence. And the solutions they propose almost inevitably offer minorities a chance at voice or exit, ] as if no other option exists. The First Amendment, for instance, offers minorities the right to free speech (voice) and private association (exit). Similarly, structural arrangements give minorities the chance to vote in national elections (voice) and in state elections (exit)

Getting From Here to There in Resistricting Reform

This symposium has been largely devoted to whether and how we ought to reform our districting process. Today I want to talk about a related but often neglected question: if we are serious about reform, how do we make it happen? I will thus set aside some of the important normative and practical questions associated with what kind of redistricting reform we should pursue and focus instead on how to get from here to there. As we think about getting redistricting reform passed, we ought to ask ourselves three questions. First, what should our goals be during the 2010 cycle? Second, moving from principle to practice, what specifically can we do to promote reform during this period? Third, if we succeed in getting some traction with reform post-2010, what kind of reform proposals should we push

Diversification and stabilization in a resource-exporting country

The costs and benefits of export diversification in an old non-oil commodity exporting country are the subject matter of the following analysis. In chapter 2 the causal nexus from commodity price fluctuations to domestic disturbances is developed from well-established macro- and microeconomic theory-. As both structural change and multiple distortions are central to the argument, the analysis is promising only in a quantitative multisectoral general equilibrium framework applied to some appropriate country. The case of copper-exporting Chile will be studied here. The country model is described in chapter 3 and documented in the appendix. The model experiments used for determining the costs and benefits are also designed in chapter 3. The results are presented and discussed in chapter 4 and conclusions are drawn in chapter 5.

The Effects of Insecticide Treated Netting on Male-Female Interactions in Red Flour Beetles

Courtship behaviors take place before and after copulation for the purpose of stimulating the female (Evardsson & Arnqvist 2000). Females will mate with different males within minutes of the first copulation (Pai &Yan 2003), with males showing a preference for virgin females (Lewis & Iannini 1995). Red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) show a decrease in progeny output following exposure to insecticide treated netting (Scheff et al. in prep). To assess whether females exposed to insecticide treated netting had decreased courtship attempts, virgin females were placed with a single male to accurately determine the number of mating pair interactions. Courtship behavior and mating pair interactions were recorded to determine if the number of mating pair interactions will decrease after exposure to insecticide treated netting. Our results indicate no significant difference between the number of interactions between females exposed to control netting or insecticide treated netting. However, with females exposed to insecticide treated netting the duration of interactions increased and more interactions were initiated by males. These results suggest that the decline in progeny output may be due to reallocation of reproductive resources following exposure to insecticide treated netting and not due to decreased numbers of mating attempts

Oviposition Behavior of Indianmeal Moths With and Without Synthetic Pheromone

Plodia interpunctella, commonly known as the Indianmeal moth, is a pyralid moth that is a pest of stored food products (Mohandrass, 2007). While there are many known factors that influence oviposition, like food odor and type of food available (Mohandrass, 2007), the effect of extra sex pheromones is not known. We tested progeny output to see if femaleP. interpunctella will produce less progeny when there is a large dose of synthetic pheromone in the environment. Our research did not show any significant difference between the females exposed to the pheromone and those that were not exposed, in both the total number of progeny produced and weight of the progeny. This experiment is important due to the quantity of pheromone-baited traps that are a major part of pest management for P. interpunctella (Mullen, 1998). This suggests that the widespread use of this pheromone to attract and trap male P. interpunctella does not also have an additional effect on females, which would have been a hidden benefit of this method of trapping and pest control

Holomorphic subgraph reduction of higher-point modular graph forms

Modular graph forms are a class of modular covariant functions which appear in the genus-one contribution to the low-energy expansion of closed string scattering amplitudes. Modular graph forms with holomorphic subgraphs enjoy the simplifying property that they may be reduced to sums of products of modular graph forms of strictly lower loop order. In the particular case of dihedral modular graph forms, a closed form expression for this holomorphic subgraph reduction was obtained previously by D'Hoker and Green. In the current work, we extend these results to trihedral modular graph forms. Doing so involves the identification of a modular covariant regularization scheme for certain conditionally convergent sums over discrete momenta, with some elements of the sum being excluded. The appropriate regularization scheme is identified for any number of exclusions, which in principle allows one to perform holomorphic subgraph reduction of higher-point modular graph forms with arbitrary holomorphic subgraphs.Comment: 38 pages; v2: publication versio

Exogenous sources of food insecurity in an open developing country

The vagaries of nature and of world grain markets, causing domestic food production and food import prices to fluctuate, are commonly considered the major external sources of food insecurity in developing countries. The need for steady domestic food production, and for stable world grain prices or international assistance in meeting a fluctuating grain import bill, are accordingly emphasized by the authors. Food self-sufficiency and commodity reserves are also stressed, given barriers to trade. Recent events in Latin American and African countries seem to suggest that erratic capital flows and export earnings, supposedly caused by instabilities of world financial and world primary commodity markets, can be just as detrimental to the maintenance of appropriate food consumption levels. If these claims of additional exogenous sources are subtantiated, the priorities of a food security strategy might need to be reconsidered.

A structural policy model for the Federal Republic of Germany

In this paper we present a structural policy model of the comparative- static general equilibrium type. Our model for the Federal Republic of Germany closely resembles the Australian ORANI model (Dixon et al., 1982) which in turn has its origin in Johansen's pioneering work for Norway (Johansen, 1960). An attractive trademark of Johansen-models is that they are written as a set of structural equations which are linear in all growth rates. Exogenous and endogenous variables can be exchanged easily and solutions require no more than simple matrix operations. This makes for a highly flexible instrument of policy analysis. A consequence of linearisation, of course, is that model solutions provide only for linear approximations. However, a method has been developed to correct for the linearisation error in case of large policy changes.

Does Contextualism Hinge on A Methodological Dispute?

In this entry, we provide an overview of some of the methodological debates surrounding contextualism and consider whether they are, in effect, based on an underlying methodological dispute. We consider three modes of motivation of epistemic contextualism including i) the method of cases, ii) the appeal to linguistic analogies and iii) the appeal to conceptual analogies and functional roles. We also consider the methodological debates about contextualism arising from experimental philosophy. We conclude that i) there is no distinctive methodological doctrine or set of methodological doctrines that is centrally invoked by all epistemic contextualists and ii) the substantive dispute about the truth of contextualism very frequently, although not invariably, reflects an underlying methodological dispute

Heterotic-string amplitudes at one loop: modular graph forms and relations to open strings

We investigate one-loop four-point scattering of non-abelian gauge bosons in heterotic string theory and identify new connections with the corresponding open-string amplitude. In the low-energy expansion of the heterotic-string amplitude, the integrals over torus punctures are systematically evaluated in terms of modular graph forms, certain non-holomorphic modular forms. For a specific torus integral, the modular graph forms in the low-energy expansion are related to the elliptic multiple zeta values from the analogous open-string integrations over cylinder boundaries. The detailed correspondence between these modular graph forms and elliptic multiple zeta values supports a recent proposal for an elliptic generalization of the single-valued map at genus zero.Comment: 57+22 pages, v2: references updated, version published in JHE