The Milnor-Witt motivic ring spectrum and its associated theories

We build a ring spectrum representing Milnor-Witt motivic cohomology, as well as its \'etale local version and show how to deduce out of it three other theories: Borel-Moore homology, cohomology with compact support and homology. These theories, as well as the usual cohomology, are defined for singular schemes and satisfy the properties of their motivic analog (and more), up to considering more general twists. In fact, the whole formalism of these four theories can be functorially attached to any ring spectrum, giving finally maps between the Milnor-Witt motivic ones to the classical motivic ones.Comment: 28 pages. Comments welcom

The impact of revised PMTCT guidelines : a view from a public sector ARV clinic in Cape Town, South Africa

Publication of this article was funded by the Stellenbosch University Open Access Fund.The original publication is available at www.jaids.comBackground: In April 2010, revised Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission guidelines were implemented in South Africa, advising fast-tracked lifelong highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation at a higher CD4 count (≤350 cells per microliter). This study describes the impact of these changes on the management of pregnant women who initiated HAART at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all women who initiated HAART in pregnancy at the Tygerberg Hospital between January 2008 and December 2010. Year cohorts were compared. Results: Two hundred and fifty HIV-infected women were included in the study and stratified by HAART initiation year: 2008:N = 82, 2009:N = 71, 2010:N = 97. There were no differences between the groups in age or parity. Median booking CD4 count was 155 cells per microliter [interquartile range (IQR) 107–187], 157 cells per microliter (IQR 104–206) and 208 cells per microliter (IQR 138–270), respectively (P < 0.001). Median gestation at HAART initiation was 31 weeks (IQR 27–35), 30 weeks (IQR 26–34), and 25 weeks (IQR 21–31; P < 0.001). HIV transmission rates were 3/65 (4.6%), 4/57 (7.0%), and 0/90 (0.0%; P = 0.021). Women <8 weeks on HAART before delivery were more likely to transmit than women ≥8 weeks [odds ratio 9.69; 95% confidence interval 1.66 to 56.58; P = 0.017]. Ninety-four (37.6%) women were lost to follow-up, 18.4% within 28 days of delivery. Conclusions: The positive impact of the new Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program is evident. A longer duration of HAART before delivery was associated with less transmission. However, the lost to follow-up rates remain concerning. Further research is needed to better understand the reasons for nonadherence and mechanisms to improve support for these women.Post-prin

Serological and molecular maternal results.

<p>Serological and molecular maternal results.</p

Serological and molecular infant results.

<p>Serological and molecular infant results.</p