Optical Theorem and the Inversion of Cross Section Data for Atom Scattering from Defects on Surfaces

The information content and properties of the cross section for atom scattering from a defect on a flat surface are investigated. Using the Sudden approximation, a simple expression is obtained that relates the cross section to the underlying atom/defect interaction potential. An approximate inversion formula is given, that determines the shape function of the defect from the scattering data. Another inversion formula approximately determines the potential due to a weak corrugation in the case of substitutional disorder. An Optical Theorem, derived in the framework of the Sudden approximation, plays a central role in deriving the equations that conveniently relate the interaction potential to the cross section. Also essential for the result is the equivalence of the operational definition for the cross section for scattering by a defect, given by Poelsema and Comsa, and the formal definition from quantum scattering theory. This equivalence is established here. The inversion result is applied to determine the shape function of an Ag atom on Pt(111) from scattering data.Comment: 29 pages, 9 Postscript figures, more info available at http://www.fh.huji.ac.il/~dan

Mixing and merging for spoken document retrieval

This paper describes a number of experiments that explo- red the issues surrounding the retrieval of spoken documents. Two such issues were examined. First, attempting to find the best use of speech recogniser output to produce the highest retrieval effectiveness. Second, investigating the potential problems of retrieving from a so-called "mi- xed collection", i.e. one that contains documents from both a speech recognition system (producing many errors) and from hand transcription (producing presumably near perfect documents). The result of the first part of the work found that merging the transcripts of multiple recognisers showed most promise. The investigation in the second part showed how the term weighting scheme used in a retrieval system was important in determining whether the system was affected detrimentally when retrieving from a mixed collection

He Scattering from Random Adsorbates, Disordered Compact Islands and Fractal Submonolayers: Intensity Manifestations of Surface Disorder

A theoretical study is made on He scattering from three fundamental classes of disordered ad-layers: (a) Translationally random adsorbates, (b) disordered compact islands and (c) fractal submonolayers. The implications of the results to experimental studies of He scattering from disordered surfaces are discussed, and a combined experimental-theoretical study is made for Ag submonolayers on Pt(111). Some of the main theoretical findings are: (1) Structural aspects of the calculated intensities from translationally random clusters were found to be strongly correlated with those of individual clusters. (2) Low intensity Bragg interference peaks appear even for scattering from very small ad-islands, and contain information on the ad-island local electron structure. (3) For fractal islands, just as for islands with a different structure, the off-specular intensity depends on the parameters of the He/Ag interaction, and does not follow a universal power law as previously proposed in the literature. In the experimental-theoretical study of Ag on Pt(111), we use first experimental He scattering data from low-coverage (single adsorbate) systems to determine an empirical He/Ag-Pt potential of good quality. Then, we carry out He scattering calculations for high coverage and compare with experiments. The conclusions are that the actual experimental phase corresponds to small compact Ag clusters of narrow size distribution, translationally disordered on the surface.Comment: 36 double-spaced pages, 10 figures; accepted by J. Chem. Phys., scheduled to appear March 8. More info available at http://www.fh.huji.ac.il/~dani

Structure Determination of Disordered Metallic Sub-Monolayers by Helium Scattering: A Theoretical and Experimental Study

An approach based on He scattering is used to develop an atomic-level structural model for an epitaxially grown disordered sub-monolayer of Ag on Pt(111) at 38K. Quantum scattering calculations are used to fit structural models to the measured angular intensity distribution of He atoms scattered from this system. The structure obtained corresponds to narrowly size-dispersed compact clusters with modest translational disorder, and not to fractals which might be expected due to the low surface temperature. The clusters have up to two layers in height, the lower one having few defects only. The relations between specific features of the angular scattering distribution, and properties such as the cluster sizes and shapes, the inter-cluster distance distribution etc., are discussed. The results demonstrate the usefulness of He scattering as a tool for unraveling new complex surface phases.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Surf. Sci. Lett. Related papers available at http://neon.cchem.berkeley.edu/~dani/He-papers.htm

Transverse "resistance overshoot" in a Si/SiGe two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum Hall effect regime

We investigate the peculiarities of the "overshoot" phenomena in the transverse Hall resistance R_{xy} in Si/SiGe. Near the low magnetic field end of the quantum Hall effect plateaus, when the filling factor \nu approaches an integer i, R_{xy} overshoots the normal plateau value h/ie^2. However, if magnetic field B increases further, R_{xy} decreases to its normal value. It is shown that in the investigated sample n-Si/Si_{0.7}Ge_{0.3}, overshoots exist for almost all \nu. Existence of overshoot in R_{xy} observed in different materials and for different \nu, where splitting of the adjacent Landau bands has different character, hints at the common origin of this effect. Comparison of the experimental curves R_{xy}(\nu) for \nu = 3 and \nu = 5 with and without overshoot showed that this effect exist in the whole interval between plateaus, not only in the region where R_{xy} exceeds the normal plateau value.Comment: 3 pages, 5 EPS figure

Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Environmental Sensitivity of the Absorption Spectra and Photochemistry of Nitenpyram and Analogs

Neonicotinoid (NN) pesticides have widespread use, largely replacing other pesticides such as the carbamates. Hence, there is a need to understand their environmental fates at a molecular level in various media, especially water. We report here the studies of a nitroenamine NN, nitenpyram (NPM), in aqueous solution where the absorption cross sections in the actinic region above 290 nm are observed to dramatically decrease compared to those in nonaqueous solvents. Quantum chemical calculations show that addition of a proton to the tertiary amine nitrogen in NPM breaks the conjugation in the chromophore, shifting the absorption to shorter wavelengths, consistent with experiment. However, surprisingly, adding a proton to the secondary amine nitrogen leads to its immediate transfer to the NO2 group, preserving the conjugation. This explains why the UV absorption of ranitidine (RAN), which has a similar chromophore but only secondary amine nitrogens, does not show a similar large blue shift in water. Photolysis quantum yields in aqueous NPM solutions were measured to be φ = 0.18 ± 0.07 at 254 nm, (9.4 ± 1.6) × 10-2 with broadband radiation centered at 313 nm and (5.2 ± 1.1) × 10-2 for broadband radiation centered at 350 nm (errors are 2σ). The major products in aqueous solutions are an imine that was also formed in the photolysis of the solid and a carboxylic acid derivative that is unique to the photolysis in water. Combining the larger quantum yields in water with the reduced absorption cross sections results in a calculated lifetime of NPM of only 5 min at a solar zenith angle of 35°, typical of 40°N latitude on April 1. The products do not absorb in the actinic region and hence will be long-lived with respect to photolysis

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer - Special features in diagnosis and treatment

For obvious psychological reasons it is difficult to associate pregnancy - a life-giving period of our existence with life-threatening malignancies. Symptoms pointing to malignancy are often ignored by both patients and physicians, and this, together with the greater difficulty of diagnostic imaging, probably results in the proven delay in the detection of breast cancers during pregnancy. The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer are becoming more and more important, as the fulfillment of the desire to have children is increasingly postponed until a later age associated with a higher risk of carcinoma, and improved cure rates of solid tumors no longer exclude subsequent pregnancies. The following article summarizes the special features of the diagnosis and primary therapy of pregnancy-associated breast cancer with particular consideration of cytostatic therapy

Pion gas viscosity at low temperature and density

By using Chiral Perturbation Theory and the Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation we compute the viscosity of a pion gas, in the low temperature and low density regime, in terms of the temperature, and the pion fugacity. The viscosity turns out to be proportional to the squared root of the temperature over the pion mass. Next to leading corrections are proportional to the temperature over the pion mass to the 3/2.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures. RevTeX