Creation of the united digital model of energy engineering complex

In the framework of the priority direction of the transformation of the Russian Federation domestic economy to digital format, the field of designing can become a key platform for the start of processes of digital transformation. The decisions laid down at this stage became the foundation for new objects. Not only the reliability and safety of the object operating, but also its modernity, competitiveness, economy, energy efficiency, and the ability to integrate into a developing digital community - all of it depends on the organization of the next steps in the construction and commissioning of the object, and also depends on the quality of a project engineering and quality of decisions made at this stage

Microwave Heating of Low-Temperature Plasma and Its Application

In this chapter, the results of theoretical and experimental studies of the interaction of an electromagnetic field with a plasma (fundamental interaction of the wave-particle type) both in the regime of standing waves (in the case of a resonator) and in the case of traveling waves in a waveguide are presented. The results of computer modeling the distribution of a regular electromagnetic field for various designs of electrodynamic structures are considered. The most attractive designs of electrodynamic structures for practical application are determined. A brief review and analysis of some mechanisms of stochastic plasma heating are given as well as the conditions for the formation of dynamic chaos in such structures are determined. Comparison analysis of microwave plasma heating in a regular electromagnetic field (in a regime with dynamical chaos) with plasma heating by random fields is considered. It is shown, that stochastic heating of plasma is much more efficient in comparison with other mechanisms of plasma heating (including fundamental interaction of the wave-wave type). The results obtained in this work can be used to increase the efficiency of plasma heating as well as to develop promising new sources of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave and optical ranges

Mitochondrial RNA editing in Trypanoplasma borreli: new tools, new revelations

The kinetoplastids are unicellular flagellates that derive their name from their ‘kinetoplast’, a region within each flagellate’s single mitochondrion harboring its organellar genome of high DNA content. Some protein products of this mitochondrial genome are encoded as cryptogenes; their transcripts require editing to generate an open reading frame. This happens through an RNA editing process, whereby small regulatory guide RNAs direct the proper insertion and deletion of one or more uridines at each editing site within specific transcript regions. An accurate perspective of the mitochondrial DNA expansion of kinetoplastids and the evolution of their unique uridine insertion/deletion editing across the entire group has been difficult to achieve. Here, we resolved outstanding questions about the organization of the mitochondrial genome and its editing in the kinetoplastid Trypanoplasma borreli that is evolutionarily distant from the frequently-studied trypanosomatids. We find that its mitochondrial DNA consists of circular molecules of 42 kb that harbor the rRNA and mRNAs, and 17 different contigs of approximately 70 kb carrying an average of 23 putative guide RNA loci per contig. These contigs may be linear molecules; they contain repetitive termini. Our analysis uncovered a putative gRNA population with unique length and sequence parameters that is massive relative to the editing needs of this parasite. We validated or determined the sequence identity of each of the four edited mRNA species – including one coding for ATP synthase 6 that was previously thought to be missing. We utilized our computational methods to show that the T. borreli transcriptome includes a substantial number of transcripts with editing patterns not consistent with the identified product, a result of non-canonical editing. We also discovered that this species is more likely than other kinetoplastids to utilize uridine deletion to enforce amino acid conservation of cryptogene products, although deletion is still less common than insertion. Finally, in three tested kinetoplastid mitochondrial transcriptomes, uridine deletion is more common in the raw mitochondrial read population than it appears when the fully edited translationally competent mRNAs only are considered. We conclude that the organization of mitochondrial DNA across all kinetoplastids can be described as variations on several central themes. These themes include partitioned coding and repetitive regions of a circular molecule encoding mRNA and rRNA, and guide RNA loci positioned on a malleable population of multiple molecules that differ in relative abundance in different strains. Likewise, while all kinetoplastids possess the central mechanism of uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing, its output parameters are species-specific

Crowdsourcing Fungal Biodiversity : Revision of Inaturalist Observations in Northwestern Siberia

The paper presents the first analysis of crowdsourcing data of all observations of fungi (including lichens) and myxomycetes in Northwestern Siberia uploaded to iNaturalist.org to date (24.02.2022). The Introduction presents an analysis of fungal diversity crowdsourcing globally, in Russia, and in the region of interest. Materials and methods describe the protocol of uploading data to iNaturalist.org, the structure of the crowdsourcing community. initiative to revise the accumulated data. procedures of data analysis, and compilation of a dataset of revised crowdsourced data. The Results present the analysis of accumulated data by several parameters: temporal, geographical and taxonomical scope, observation and identification efforts, identifiability of various taxa, species novelty and Red Data Book categories and the protection status of registered observations. The Discussion provides data on usability of crowdsourcing data for biodiversity research and conservation of fungi, including pros and contras. The Electronic Supplements to the paper include an annotated checklist of observations of protected species with information on Red Data Book categories and the protection status, and an annotated checklist of regional records of new taxa. The paper is supplemented with a dataset of about 15 000 revised and annotated records available through Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The tradition of crowdsourcing is rooted in mycological societies around the world, including Russia. In Northwestern Siberia, a regional mycological club was established in 2018, encouraging its members to contribute observations of fungi on iNaturalist.org. A total of about 15 000 observations of fungi and myxomycetes were uploaded so far, by about 200 observers, from three administrative regions (Yamalo-Nenetsky Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Tyumen Region). The geographical coverage of crowdsourcing observations remains low. However. the observation activity has increased in the last four years. The goal of this study consisted of a collaborative effort of professional mycologists invited to help with the identification of these observations and analysis of the accumulated data. As a result, all observations were reviewed by at least one expert. About half of all the observations have been identified reliably to the species level and received Research Grade status. Of those, 90 species (195 records) represented records of taxa new to their respective regions: 876 records of 53 species of protected species provide important data for conservation programmes. The other half of the observations consists of records still under-identified for various reasons: poor quality photographs, complex taxa (impossible to identify without microscopic or molecular study). or lack of experts in a particular taxonomic group. The Discussion section summarises the pros and cons of the use of crowdsourcing for the study and conservation of regional fungal diversity, and summarises the dispute on this subject among mycologists. Further research initiatives involving crowdsourcing data must focus on an increase in the quality of observations and strive to introduce the habit of collecting voucher specimens among the community of amateurs. The timely feedback from experts is also important to provide quality and the increase of personal involvement.Peer reviewe

To the issue of energy efficiency of using frequency-controlled centrifugal pump units

The expediency of using a variable frequency drive for pumping units was repeatedly proved both from the point of view of the economic component and the technological one. However, the construction of automatic control systems for the operating parameters of pumping stations is mainly based on maintaining the pressure setpoint and does not include monitoring the efficiency of the aggregates working in the group and, the more so, its regulation. In this paper, an algorithm is developed for the energy efficient management of centrifugal pump units, which allows not only maintaining the pressure setpoint, but also optimizing their efficiency

Kinetoplast Genome of <i>Leishmania</i> spp. Is under Strong Purifying Selection

Instability is an intriguing characteristic of many protist genomes, and trypanosomatids are not an exception in this respect. Some regions of trypanosomatid genomes evolve fast. For instance, the trypanosomatid mitochondrial (kinetoplast) genome consists of fairly conserved maxicircle and minicircle molecules that can, nevertheless, possess high nucleotide substitution rates between closely related strains. Recent experiments have demonstrated that rapid laboratory evolution can result in the non-functionality of multiple genes of kinetoplast genomes due to the accumulation of mutations or loss of critical genomic components. An example of a loss of critical components is the reported loss of entire minicircle classes in Leishmania tarentolae during laboratory cultivation, which results in an inability to generate some correctly encoded genes. In the current work, we estimated the evolutionary rates of mitochondrial and nuclear genome regions of multiple natural Leishmania spp. We analyzed synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions and, rather unexpectedly, found that the coding regions of kinetoplast maxicircles are among the most variable regions of both genomes. In addition, we demonstrate that synonymous substitutions greatly predominate among maxicircle coding regions and that most maxicircle genes show signs of purifying selection. These results imply that maxicircles in natural Leishmania populations remain functional despite their high mutation rate

Genomic Variation among Strains of Crithidia bombi and C. expoeki

In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 40 strains, in addition to the already-reported two type strains, of two Crithidia species infecting bumblebees in Alaska and Central Europe and demonstrated that different strains of Crithidia bombi and C. expoeki vary considerably in terms of single nucleotide polymorphisms and gene copy number. Based on the genomic structure, phylogenetic analyses, and the pattern of copy number variation, we confirmed the status of C. expoeki as a separate species. The Alaskan populations appear to be clearly separated from those of Central Europe. This pattern fits a scenario of rapid host-parasite coevolution, where the selective advantage of a given parasite strain is only temporary. This study provides helpful insights into possible scenarios of selection and diversification of trypanosomatid parasites

Advances in Novel Low-Macroscopic Field Emission Electrode Design Based on Fullerene-Doped Porous Silicon

Perspective low-macroscopic field (LMF) emission prototype cathodes based on fullerene C60&mdash;doped porous silicon were realized via a two-stage technique comprising the electrochemical etching process of a monocrystalline silicon wafer and functionalization of the acquired porous silicon (PS) matrix with silver-doped fullerene-based carbon structures. The resulting LMF cathode prototypes were studied with SEM and EDS techniques. The formation of an amorphous silver-doped C60-based layer consisting of nanosized aggregates on the matrix surface was established. The emission characteristics of the prototypes were analyzed, crucial parameters including threshold field strength values, emission current density, and effective potential barrier height for electrons were considered. A novel LMF emission model is suggested. It was established that the emitter prototypes realized during this study are on par with or superior to modern and promising field cathodes

The Remarkable Metabolism of : Genomic Predictions.

A recently redescribed two-flagellar trypanosomatid is insensitive to the classical inhibitors of respiration and thrives under anaerobic conditions. Using genomic and transcriptomic data, we analyzed its genes of the core metabolism and documented that subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes III and IV are ablated, while those of complexes I, II, and V are all present, along with an alternative oxidase. This explains the previously reported conversion of glucose to acetate and succinate by aerobic fermentation. Glycolytic pyruvate is metabolized to acetate and ethanol by pyruvate dismutation, whereby a unique type of alcohol dehydrogenase (shared only with spp.) processes an excess of reducing equivalents formed under anaerobic conditions, leading to the formation of ethanol. Succinate (formed to maintain the glycosomal redox balance) is converted to propionate by a cyclic process involving three enzymes of the mitochondrial methyl-malonyl-CoA pathway, via a cyclic process, which results in the formation of additional ATP. The unusual structure of the genome and its similarity with that of spp. imply their relatedness or convergent evolution. Nevertheless, a critical difference between these two trypanosomatids is that the former has significantly increased its genome size by gene duplications, while the latter streamlined its genome

Genomic analysis of Leishmania turanica strains from different regions of Central Asia.

The evolution in Leishmania is governed by the opposite forces of clonality and sexual reproduction, with vicariance being an important factor. As such, Leishmania spp. populations may be monospecific or mixed. Leishmania turanica in Central Asia is a good model to compare these two types. In most areas, populations of L. turanica are mixed with L. gerbilli and L. major. Notably, co-infection with L. turanica in great gerbils helps L. major to withstand a break in the transmission cycle. Conversely, the populations of L. turanica in Mongolia are monospecific and geographically isolated. In this work, we compare genomes of several well-characterized strains of L. turanica originated from monospecific and mixed populations in Central Asia in order to shed light on genetic factors, which may drive evolution of these parasites in different settings. Our results illustrate that evolutionary differences between mixed and monospecific populations of L. turanica are not dramatic. On the level of large-scale genomic rearrangements, we confirmed that different genomic loci and different types of rearrangements may differentiate strains originated from mixed and monospecific populations, with genome translocations being the most prominent example. Our data suggests that L. turanica has a significantly higher level of chromosomal copy number variation between the strains compared to its sister species L. major with only one supernumerary chromosome. This suggests that L. turanica (in contrast to L. major) is in the active phase of evolutionary adaptation