Світовий уряд: реальності сьогодення

Герасимчук Н. В. Світовий уряд: реальності сьогодення / Н. В. Герасимчук // Міжнародні читання з міжнародного права пам’яті професора П.Є. Казанського : матер. третьої міжнар. наук. конф. (м. Одеса, 2–3 листопада 2012 р.) / відп. за випуск М. І. Пашковський ; НУ «ОЮА». – Одеса : Фенікс, 2012. – С. 154-157.Автор вважає,що Світовий уряд вже існує. На даний момент, ефект його діяльності проявляється у вигляді сили та авторитету рішень міжнародних спеціалізованих інституцій, а реальне втілення проявляється у динаміці міжнародно-правового регулювання, рості компетенції, підвищенні повноважень та зростанні їх функцій

Effects of organoantimony compounds on fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes pulmonary cryptococcosis and cryptococcal meningitis in immune-compromised individuals. Candida albicans, also opportunistic, can cause pulmonary candidiasis, genitourinary tract infections, candidemia, and oral candidiasis. Fungal infections are responsible for approximately 1.7 million annual deaths. With few antifungal drugs, high toxicity, and increased resistance to antifungals, the importance of finding new antifungal therapies is crucial. We hypothesized that novel organoantimony compounds would effectively restrict fungal growth. We tested approximately 20 compounds against C. neoformans and C. albicans in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Compounds A, B, E, I, F, and G were effective against C. neoformans with MIC concentrations of 10.94 ug/ml, 19.79 ug/ml, 18.75 ug/ml, 12.5 ug/ml, 20.83 ug/ml, and 2.60 ug/ml, respectively. Compounds E and G were effective against C. albicans at 15.625 ug/ml and 25 ug/ml, respectively. Compounds I and G were fungicidal against C. neoformans at concentrations 50 ug/ml and 25 ug/ml, respectively, and compound G was fungicidal against C. albicans at 50 ug/ml. Cytotoxicity assays showed that antifungal compounds A, B, E, I, F, and G were non-toxic. RNA sequencing studies have identified several C. neoformans genes involved with the compounds' inhibitory effects.Lew Wentz FoundationMicrobiology and Molecular Genetic

A 1-D coordination polymer route to catalytically active Co@C nanoparticles

Pyrolysis of a 1-D polymeric cobalt(II) coordination complex ([Co(BDC)(Mim)2]n, H2BDC = benzenedicarboxylic acid; Mim = N-methylimidazole) results in the formation of carbon embedded fcc cobalt nanoparticle composites, Co@C. The as-prepared Co@C shows an agglomerated secondary structure with a highly embedded carbon shell comprising of cobalt nanoparticles of 20-100 nm. These Co@C particles show excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of nitrophenol to aminophenol, studied as a model reaction, and evolves as a promising candidate for the gas phase reduction process

Tuning π-Acceptor/σ-Donor Ratio of the 2-Isocyanoazulene Ligand: Non-Fluorinated Rival of Pentafluorophenyl Isocyanide and Trifluorovinyl Isocyanide Discovered

Isocyanoazulenes (CNAz) constitute a relatively new class of isocyanoarenes that offers rich structural and electronic diversification of the organic isocyanide ligand platform. This article considers a series of 2-isocyano-1,3-X2-azulene ligands (X = H, Me, CO2Et, Br, and CN) and the corresponding zero-valent complexes thereof, [(OC)5Cr(2-isocyano-1,3-X2-azulene)]. Air- and thermally stable, X-ray structurally characterized 2-isocyano-1,3-dimethylazulene may be viewed as a non-benzenoid aromatic congener of 2,6-dimethyphenyl isocyanide (2,6-xylyl isocyanide), a longtime “workhorse” aryl isocyanide ligand in coordination chemistry. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic {Cr–CNAz bond distances}, cyclic voltametric {E1/2(Cr0/1+)}, 13C NMR {δ(13CN), δ(13CO)}, UV-vis {dπ(Cr) → pπ*(CNAz) Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer}, and FTIR {νN≡C, νC≡O, kC≡O} analyses of the [(OC)5Cr(2-isocyano-1,3-X2-azulene)] complexes provided a multifaceted, quantitative assessment of the π-acceptor/σ-donor characteristics of the above five 2-isocyanoazulenes. In particular, the following inverse linear relationships were documented: δ(13COtrans) vs. δ(13CN), δ(13COcis) vs. δ(13CN), and δ(13COtrans) vs. kC≡O,trans force constant. Remarkably, the net electron withdrawing capability of the 2-isocyano-1,3-dicyanoazulene ligand rivals those of perfluorinated isocyanides CNC6F5 and CNC2F3

Spatial optical solitons in nonlinear photonic crystals

We study spatial optical solitons in a one-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal created by an array of thin-film nonlinear waveguides, the so-called Dirac-comb nonlinear lattice. We analyze modulational instability of the extended Bloch-wave modes and also investigate the existence and stability of bright, dark, and ``twisted'' spatially localized modes in such periodic structures. Additionally, we discuss both similarities and differences of our general results with the simplified models of nonlinear periodic media described by the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation, derived in the tight-binding approximation, and the coupled-mode theory, valid for shallow periodic modulations of the optical refractive index.Comment: 15 pages, 21 figure

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ СРОКОВ НАЧАЛА ГЕМОДИАЛИЗА: РАЗРАБОТКА И ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ ШКАЛЫ START

Aim. The optimal time for initiating of chronic dialysis remains unknown. The scale for mortality risk assessment could help in decision-making concerning dialysis start timing.Methods. We randomly divided 1856 patients started dialysis in 2009–2016 into developmental and validation group (1:1) to create and validate scoring system «START» predicting mortality risk at dialysis initiation in order to fi nd unmodifi able and modifi able factors which could help in the decision-making of dialysis start. In the series of univariate regression models in the developmental set, we evaluated the mortality risk linked with available parameters: age, eGFR, serum phosphate, total calcium, hemoglobin, Charlson comorbidity index, diabetes status, urgency of start (turned to be signifi cant) and gender, serum sodium, potassium, blood pressure (without impact on survival). Similar hazard ratios were converted to score points.Results. The START score was highly predictive of death: C-statistic was 0.82 (95% CI 0.79–0.85) for the developmental dataset and 0.79 (95% CI 0.74–0.84) for validation dataset (both p < 0.001). On applying the cutoff between 7–8 points in the developmental dataset, the risk score was highly sensitive 81.1% and specifi c 67.9%; for validation dataset, the sensitivity was 78.9%, specifi city 67.9%. We confi rmed the similarity in survival prediction in the validation set to developmental set in low, medium and high START score groups. The difference in survival between three levels of START-score in validation set remained similar to that of developmental set: Wilcoxon = 8.78 (p = 0.02) vs 15.31 (p < 0.001) comparing low–medium levels and 25.18 (p < 0.001) vs 39.21 (p < 0.001) comparing medium–high levels.Conclusion. Developed START score system including modifi able factors showed good mortality prediction and could be used in dialysis start decision-making. Цель. Оптимальное время начала лечения гемодиализом (ГД) остается неопределенным. Создание шкалы для оценки рисков для пациента, начинающего диализ, поможет в принятии решения о сроках его начала.Методы. По данным регистра пациентов на заместительной почечной терапии проанализированы результаты лечения 1856 пациентов, начавших диализ в 2009–2016 гг. Случайным образом их разделили в соотношении 1:1 на группу разработки и группу подтверждения для создания прогностической шкалы оценки вероятности летального исхода при лечении программным гемодиализом (шкала START). При этом учитывали модифицируемые и немодифицируемые факторы риска. В серии регрессионных моделей с одной переменной в группе разработки шкалы мы оценивали риски смерти, связанные с доступными для анализа модифицируемыми и немодифицируемыми параметрами. Среди них значимыми оказались возраст, расчетная скорость клубочковой фильтрации (рСКФ), уровни фосфатов, общего кальция, гемоглобина, индекс коморбидности Чарлсон, наличие сахарного диабета, экстренность старта диализа. Пол, уровни натрия, калия, артериального давления не оказали влияния на выживаемость. Близкие по величине риски были преобразованы в баллы шкалы.Результаты. Шкала START продемонстрировала высокую предсказательную ценность в отношении риска смерти: AUC 0,82 (95% ДИ 0,79–0,85) для группы разработки шкалы и 0,79 (95% ДИ 0,74–0,84) для группы подтверждения (для обеих p < 0,001). Для точки отсечения 7–8 баллов чувствительность метода составила 81,1%, специфичность 69,9% для группы разработки и 78,9 и 67,9% соответственно – для группы подтверждения. Мы подтвердили близкие значения выживаемости пациентов в обеих группах для низких, средних и высоких значений шкалы START. Различия в выживаемости для подгрупп с тремя уровнями шкалы были близкими для групп разработки и подтверждения: критерий Wilcoxon = 8,78 (p = 0,02) vs 15,31 (p < 0,001) при сравнении выживаемости подгрупп низких и средних величин шкалы и 25,18 (p < 0,001) vs 39,21 (p < 0,001) при сравнении выживаемости подгрупп средних и высоких величин шкалы.Заключение. Разработанная шкала START, включающая модифицируемые факторы риска, продемонстрировала хорошую предсказательную ценность в отношении 5-летней летальности и может использоваться при принятии решения о времени старта диализа.

Peculiarities of the influence of antihypertensive therapy on endothelial function, oxidative stress and immune activation in obese patients

This article aims to improve combined antihypertensive therapy on the basis of studying the antioxidant properties of bisoprolol and indapamid, their impact on endothelial dysfunction (ED) and pro-inflammatory cytokines activity in hypertensive patients with overweight and obesity. A combination of a β-blocker (BAB) with a diuretic (D) (bisoprolol 2.5, 5, 10 mg and indapamid 1.5–2.5 mg/day) was prescribed to 102 patients with essential hypertension of 1–3 grades, 30 to 65 years old (mean age – 54.54 ± 0.91 years), who previously had not been receiving regular antihypertensive therapy. The daily dose of bisoprolol was administered by continuous slow titration, starting with low doses of 1.25 mg/day. Of the patients 82 were women and 20 men, the duration of disease averaged 9.0 ± 0.71 years. The control group included 16 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. The level of stable terminal metabolites of nitric oxide NO (nitrite NO2– and nitrate NO3–), the concentration of S-nitrosothiol and NO-synthases (NOS), SOD, and catalase activity was determined biochemically. The contents of serum 8-iso-PgF2α (8-isoprostane), TNF-alpha and its type I soluble receptor (sTNF-αRI) were determined in all subjects using the “8-isoprostane ELISA” (Usbiological,USA), “ProCon TNFα” (ProteinContour,Russian Federation) and “sTNF-RI EASIA” (BioSource Europe SA,Belgium) ELISA kits, respectively. During the course of combined antihypertensive therapy we observed a significant decrease of S-nitrosothiols levels, i-NOS activity, reduction of TNF-α type I of its soluble receptor (sTNF-αRI), and oxidative stress marker – 8-iso-PgF2α in the examined patients. Nitrites and nitrates serum levels, activity of e-NOS, superoxide dismutase and catalase, by contrast, were increased in patients with hypertension and concomitant obesity. These changes may reflect the fact that against the background of the therapy there was a reduction in tension of oxidative stress, which leads to an improvement in endothelial function. Significant reduction ratio of TNF-α/sTNF-αRI shows suppression of autoimmune and apoptotic activity in patients under treatment. Thus, the improvement of endothelial function, a significant decrease in autoimmune activation due to lower tension of oxidative stress in the examined patients optimizes use of a combination of bisoprolol and indapamid for differentiated therapy in hypertensive patients with obesity