Eine kurze Geschichte der Metaphysik

A very short history of metaphysics

A randomised controlled trial of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain in healthy adults: assessment of its delivery, transit and in fluence on microbial flora and enteric immunity

In severa intestinal disease states, altered microflora, impaired gut barrier and:or intestinal in ammation offer a rationale for the effective therapeutic use of probiotic microorganisms. However , for most candidate probiotic organisms there is a lack of evidence detailing their characterisation and effects on host flora and immunity. We have previously reported the isolation and characterisation, from surgically resected segments of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT), of potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB). We have also described subsequent animal experiments that evaluated the establishment , persistence and localisation of speci fic probiotic Lactobacillus strains within the murine intestinal tract, in addition to their ability to influence the development of murine in ammatory disorders. In these studies, transit and survival of Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118 at the ileum was demonstrated using enteral tube sampling of six healthy volunteer s following consumption of a single dose (150 ml) of fermented milk-borne probiotic (108 colony forming units per ml (CFU:ml)). Subsequently, we performed a randomised controlled trial of 80 volunteer s fed strain UCC118 (108 CFU:day for 21 d), using two oral delivery vehicles (fresh milk, n¾20 vs. fermented milk, n¾20; controls, n¾20 for each). Throughout this feeding period, and for up to 100 days following cessation of feeding, the number s of total culturable lactobacilli and of the administered Lactobacillus UCC118 present in faeces were monitored. Five subjects (5:40; fresh milk, four; fermented milk, one) were still excreting the probiotic lactobacilli 21 days post-cessation of feeding, while one subject (fermented milk) was still colonised up to 100 days after feeding. Consumption of fermented milk-borne UCC118 cells resulted in signi cantly increased levels of faecal-borne enterococci and lactobacilli. Numbers of bifidobacteria, coliforms and bacteroides were not significantly altered. In addition, changes in salivary IgA levels against UCC118 cells and increased granulocyte phagocytic activity were observed following consumption of the fermented milk-borne probiotic. In summary, Lactobacillus UCC118 was found to effectively transit (and persist within) the human intestinal tract, to modify the faecal flora and to engage the immune system

Impact of whey protein isolate and protein to carbohydrate ratio on adipose cellular activity.

<p>Epididymal adipose tissue gene expression was investigated in mice after 21 weeks on a 10% kJ low fat diet (LFD), 45% kJ high fat diet (HFD), or HFD with 20, 30 or 40% kJ whey protein isolate (WPI). Relative mRNA expression is shown for (A) fatty acid synthase (FASN), fatty acid transporter 1 (FATP1), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), beta-3 adrenergenic receptor (β3-AR), uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and carnitine palmitolytransferase 1b (CPT1b), and (B) for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68). Data represent mean values ± SEM (n = 9–10 per group). Gene expression is shown relative to the LFD control group set at 1.00. Groups that do not share a common letter are significantly different at <i>P<</i>0.05.</p

Impact of whey protein isolate and protein to carbohydrate ratio on energy intake.

<p>Energy intake (A) and feeding behaviour (meal size & meal number) (B–C) was measured using TSE Phenomaster cages at 17–20 weeks for mice on either a 10% kJ low fat diet (LFD), 45% kJ high fat diet (HFD) or a HFD with 20, 30 or 40% kJ whey protein isolate (WPI). Experimental data collected from individual mice at 9 minute intervals over a 24 hour period are shown as mean values ± SEM (n = 8–10 per group) for light and dark phases. In light and dark phase, groups that do not share a common letter are significantly different at <i>P<</i>0.05.</p

Impact of whey protein isolate and protein to carbohydrate ratio on metabolic activity.

<p>Metabolic activity was measured using TSE Phenomaster cages at 17–20 weeks for mice on either a 10% kJ low fat diet (LFD), 45% kJ high fat diet (HFD) or a HFD with 20, 30 or 40% kJ whey protein isolate (WPI). Experimental data for (A) oxygen consumption (VO₂), (B) heat production, (C) locomotor activity and (D) respiratory exchange ratio (RER), collected from individual mice at 9 minute intervals over a 24 hour period, are shown as mean values ± SEM (n = 8–10 per group) for light and dark phases. In light and dark phase, groups that do not share a common letter are significantly different at <i>P<</i>0.05.</p

Plasma amino acid levels (µmol/L) in mice fed a 45%kJ high fat diet (HFD) or HFD with 20%, 30% or 40% kJ whey protein isolate (WPI) for 21 weeks¹.

1<p>Data are means ± SEM (n = 7–10). In each row values without a common letter significantly differ, <i>P</i><0.05;NS, non-significant.</p

Gut microbiota composition as % of reads in mice fed a 45%kJ high fat diet (HFD) or HFD with 20%, 30% or 40% kJ whey protein isolate (WPI) for 21 weeks¹.

1<p>Data are means ± SEM (n = 10). Statistically significant differences generated using the Kruskal-Wallis algorithm. In each row values without a common letter significantly differ, <i>P</i>≤0.05.</p

Impact of whey protein isolate and protein to carbohydrate ratio on body weight and composition.

<p>(A) shows the body weight trajectories of mice during 21 weeks of dietary treatment with a 10% kJ low fat diet (LFD), 45% kJ high fat diet (HFD) or a HFD with 20, 30 or 40% kJ whey protein isolate (WPI). Body weight gain (B) and body composition (C) of mice after 21 weeks on experimental diets are also shown. Data represent mean values ± S.E.M. (n = 10 per group). Groups that do not share a common letter are significantly different at <i>P<</i>0.05.</p

Tissue lipid parameters and plasma levels of hormones and metabolites in mice fed a 10%kJ low fat diet (LFD), 45%kJ high fat diet (HFD) or HFD with 20%, 30% or 40% kJ whey protein isolate (WPI) for 21 weeks¹.

1<p>Data are means ± SEM (n = 5–10). In each row results without a common letter significantly differ, <i>P</i>≤0.05 NS, non-significant. TAG, triacylglycerol. NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids. GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.</p

Impact of whey protein isolate and protein to carbohydrate ratio on the gut microbiota composition.

<p>Principal Coordinate analysis (PCoA) of unweighted Unifrac distances of the 16srRNA sequences, demonstrating where sequences cluster according to diet group. Data were generated from analysis of faecal samples collected from mice on 10% kJ low fat diet (LFD, Δ) or 45% kJ high fat diet (HFD, ♦) or a HFD with 20% kJ whey protein isolate (HFD-20% WPI, ○), 30% kJ WPI (HFD-30% WPI, ◊) or 40% kJ WPI (HFD-40% WPI, •)(n = 10).</p