12 research outputs found

    Harmonising knowledge for safer materials via the “NanoCommons” Knowledge Base

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    In mediaeval Europe, the term “commons” described the way that communities managed land that was held “in common” and provided a clear set of rules for how this “common land” was used and developed by, and for, the community. Similarly, as we move towards an increasingly knowledge-based society where data is the new oil, new approaches to sharing and jointly owning publicly funded research data are needed to maximise its added value. Such common management approaches will extend the data’s useful life and facilitate its reuse for a range of additional purposes, from modelling, to meta-analysis to regulatory risk assessment as examples relevant to nanosafety data. This “commons” approach to nanosafety data and nanoinformatics infrastructure provision, co-development, and maintenance is at the heart of the “NanoCommons” project and underpins its post-funding transition to providing a basis on which other initiatives and projects can build. The present paper summarises part of the NanoCommons infrastructure called the NanoCommons Knowledge Base. It provides interoperability for nanosafety data sources and tools, on both semantic and technical levels. The NanoCommons Knowledge Base connects knowledge and provides both programmatic (via an Application Programming Interface) and a user-friendly graphical interface to enable (and democratise) access to state of the art tools for nanomaterials safety prediction, NMs design for safety and sustainability, and NMs risk assessment, as well. In addition, the standards and interfaces for interoperability, e.g., file templates to contribute data to the NanoCommons, are described, and a snapshot of the range and breadth of nanoinformatics tools and models that have already been integrated are presented Finally, we demonstrate how the NanoCommons Knowledge Base can support users in the FAIRification of their experimental workflows and how the NanoCommons Knowledge Base itself has progressed towards richer compliance with the FAIR principles

    Βελτιστοποίηση κατανάλωσης ενέργειας σε ασύρματα δίκτυα αισθητήρων

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    Prolonging a wireless sensor network’s lifetime is closely related to energy consump-tion and particularly to the energy hole problem, where sensor nodes close to the sink node consume a considerable amount of their energy for relaying purposes. In order to tackle the energy hole problem’s eects, this thesis proposes two approaches that counter the problem from two perspectives: (i) the minimization of the energy consumption by approaching the sink placement problem as a k-median problem and (ii) the prolongation of the network’s lifetime by recharging its sensor nodes.In the rst approach, an analytical model for analyzing the available energy in the network is proposed. The next step is to analytically model the overall energy consumption as a k-median facility location problem, its solution corresponding to the location of k sinks in the network. As analytically shown, when k sinks are placed according to the solution of the previous facility location problem, then the overall energy consumption is minimized, resulting in a higher energy-saving system. Thus, the saved energy can be further utilized, e.g., to extend the network’s lifetime and support modern replenishing techniques such as energy harvesting and battery recharging. Simulation results validate the analytical model that is the basis of the analysis and conrm the results with respect to the available energy in the network. In particular, signicant energy savings are observed when the analytical results are applied, thus resulting in better energy utilization and subsequent network lifetime increment.The second approach is focused on two proposed recharging policies. The rst one is a simple recharging policy that permits a mobile recharger, initially stationed at the sink node, to move around and replenish any node’s exhausted battery when a certain recharging threshold is violated. This policy, as well as the second pro-posed recharging policy (i.e., the enhanced recharging policy), refer to on-demand recharging policies which base their operation on local information, allowing the mobile recharger to move – upon request – to a node of reduced energy level and re-plenish its battery. When under the enhanced recharging policy and after completing the latter replenishment, the mobile recharger continues operating in a hop-by-hop manner to the neighbor nodes of the lowest energy level, thus replenishing their batteries too. It is shown that the minimization of the recharging distance covered by the mobile recharger is a facility location problem, and particularly an 1-median one. Simulation results, regarding the simple recharging policy, investigate various aspects of it related to the recharging threshold and the level of the energy left in the network nodes’ batteries. In addition, it is shown that when the sink’s location is set to the solution of the particular facility location problem, then the recharging distance is minimized irrespectively of the recharging threshold. As for the enhanced recharging policy’s simulation results, its eectiveness is investigated using simula-tion results and compared against an existing well-known on-demand recharging policy that exploits global knowledge (i.e., knowledge of both the energy level of all nodes and the network topology). It is shown that the enhanced recharging policy, even though based on local information, maintain the average energy level and termination time higher than that under the existing one that exploits global knowledge. Furthermore, it is observed that the network’s lifetime is maximized when the basis of the mobile recharger is located at the solution of the mentioned median problem for all studied policies.The approaches studied in this thesis establish a relation between facility location problems (particularly the k-median problem) and energy consumption and battery replenishment. This is a signicant contribution that is expected to trigger future work in the area and reveal further aspects of the energy consumption issues and how lifetime may be prolonged in wireless sensor networks.Η παράταση της διάρκειας ζωής ενός δικτύου ασύρματων αισθητήρων σχετίζεται στενά με την κατανάλωση ενέργειας και ειδικότερα με το πρόβλημα της ενεργειακής τρύπας (energy hole problem), όπου οι κόμβοι που βρίσκονται κοντά στον κόμβο-συλλέκτη (sink node) καταναλώνουν σημαντικό μέρος της ενέργειας τους για λόγους αναμετάδοσης. Για την αντιμετώπιση των επιπτώσεων του προβλήματος της ενεργειακής τρύπας, αυτή η διατριβή προτείνει δύο προσεγγίσεις που αντιμετωπίζουν το πρόβλημα από δύο οπτικές γωνίες: (i) την ελαχιστοποίηση της κατανάλωσης ενέργειας προσεγγίζοντας το πρόβλημα της τοποθέτησης του συλλέκτη (sink placement problem) ως πρόβλημα τοποθέτησης υπηρεσίας (facility location problem) και (ii) την παράταση της διάρκειας ζωής του δικτύου επαναφορτίζοντας τους κόμβους του.Στην πρώτη προσέγγιση προτείνεται ένα αναλυτικό μοντέλο για την ανάλυση της διαθέσιμης ενέργειας στο δίκτυο. Το επόμενο βήμα είναι η μοντελοποίηση της συνολικής κατανάλωσης ενέργειας ως πρόβλημα τοποθέτησης υπηρεσίας και πιο συγκεκριμένα ως πρόβλημα k-διάμεσων (k-median problem), η λύση του οποίου αντιστοιχεί στη θέση των k συλλεκτών στο δίκτυο. Όπως παρουσιάζεται αναλυτικά, όταν οι k συλλέκτες τοποθετούνται σύμφωνα με τη λύση του προηγούμενου προβλήματος τοποθέτησης υπηρεσίας, τότε ελαχιστοποιείται η συνολική κατανάλωση ενέργειας, με αποτέλεσμα ένα ενεργειακά αποδοτικότερο σύστημα. Η εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας που επιτυγχάνεται μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί περαιτέρω, π.χ., για να επεκταθεί η διάρκεια ζωής του δικτύου και να υποστηριχθούν σύγχρονες τεχνικές ανανέωσης ενέργειας όπως οι εκ-μετάλλευση ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας και η επαναφόρτιση των μπαταριών των κόμβων. Τα αποτελέσματα των προσομοιώσεων επικυρώνουν το αναλυτικό μοντέλο που αποτελεί τη βάση της ανάλυσης και επιβεβαιώνουν τα αποτελέσματα σε σχέση με τη διαθέσιμη ενέργεια στο δίκτυο. Συγκεκριμένα, παρατηρείται σημαντική εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας κατά την εφαρμογή των αναλυτικών αποτελεσμάτων, με αποτέλεσμα την καλύτερη αξιοποίηση της ενέργειας και την επακόλουθη αύξηση της διάρκειας ζωής του δικτύου.Η δεύτερη προσέγγιση εστιάζεται σε δύο προτεινόμενες πολιτικές επαναφόρτισης. Η πρώτη είναι μια απλή πολιτική επαναφόρτισης που επιτρέπει σε ένα φορητό φορτιστή (mobile recharger), αρχικά τοποθετημένο στην ίδια θέση με τον κόμβοσυλλέκτη, να κινείται και να αναπληρώνει την εξαντλημένη μπαταρία ενός κόμβου όταν παραβιάζεται ένα συγκεκριμένο όριο επαναφόρτισης. Η πολιτική αυτή, όπως και δεύτερη πολιτική επαναφόρτισης που μελετάται λειτουργούν κατόπιν αιτημάτων (on-demand) και βασίζουν τη λειτουργία τους σε τοπική πληροφόρηση επιτρέποντας στο φορητό φορτιστή να μετακινηθεί – κατόπιν αιτήματος – σε έναν κόμβο με μειωμένο επίπεδο ενέργειας και να ανανεώσει την μπαταρία του. Κατά τη δεύτερη πολιτική και μετά την ολοκλήρωση της τελευταίας διαδικασίας, ο φορητός φορτιστής συνεχίζει να λειτουργεί με πολυαλματική λογική στους γειτονικούς κόμβους με το χαμηλότερο επίπεδο ενέργειας, ανανεώνοντας έτσι και τις μπαταρίες αυτών. Όπως δείχνεται, η ελαχιστοποίηση της απόστασης επαναφόρτισης που καλύπτεται από τον φορητό φορτιστή είναι ένα πρόβλημα τοποθέτησης υπηρεσίας και συγκεκριμένα ένα πρόβλημα 1-διάμεσου. Τα αποτελέσματα προσομοίωσης, σχετικά με την πρώτη προτεινόμενη πολιτική, διερευνούν διάφορες πτυχές της πολιτικής επαναφόρτισης - συμπεριλαμβανομένης μιας βελτιωμένης έκδοσής της - που σχετίζονται με το όριο επαναφόρτισης και το επίπεδο ενέργειας που απομένει στις μπαταρίες των κόμβων του δικτύου. Επιπλέον, δείχνεται πως όταν η θέση του συλλέκτη έχει επιλεγεί βάση της λύσης του συγκεκριμένου προ-βλήματος τοποθέτησης υπηρεσίας, τότε η απόσταση επαναφόρτισης ελαχιστοποιείται ανεξάρτητα από το όριο επαναφόρτισης. Όσον αφορά τα αποτελέσματα προσομοίωσης της δεύτερης προτεινόμενης πολιτικής, η αποτελεσματικότητά της διερευνάται χρησιμοποιώντας αποτελέσματα προσομοίωσης και συγκρίνεται με μια υπάρχουσα γνωστή πολιτική ανανέωσης που λειτουργεί κατόπιν αιτημάτων που εκμεταλλεύεται την γνώση όλου του δικτύου (δηλαδή γνώση τόσο του ενεργειακού επιπέδου όλων των κόμβων όσο και της τοπολογίας του δικτύου). Αποδεικνύεται ότι η προτεινόμενη πολιτική, αν και βασίζεται σε τοπική πληροφόρηση, διατηρεί το μέσο ενεργειακό επίπεδο και τον χρόνο τερματισμού υψηλότερο από εκείνο της υφιστάμενης πολιτικής που εκμεταλλεύεται την γνώση όλου του δικτύου. Επιπλέον, παρατηρείται ότι η διάρκεια ζωής του δικτύου μεγιστοποιείται όταν η βάση του φορητού φορτιστή βρίσκεται στη λύση του αναφερόμενου προβλήματος 1-διάμεσου για όλες τις πολιτικές που μελετούνται. Οι προσεγγίσεις που μελετούνται σε αυτή τη διατριβή καθιστούν μια συσχέτιση μεταξύ των προβλημάτων τοποθέτησης υπηρεσίας (ιδιαίτερα του προβλήματος k-διάμεσων) με την κατανάλωση ενέργειας και την αναπλήρωση της μπαταρίας. Πρόκειται για μια σημαντική συμβολή που αναμένεται να προκαλέσει μελλοντικές έρευνες στην περιοχή και να αποκαλύψει περαιτέρω πτυχές των ζητημάτων κατανάλωσης ενέργειας και του τρόπου με τον οποίο η διάρκεια ζωής μπορεί να παραταθεί στα ασύρματα δίκτυα αισθητήρων

    Adapting Probabilistic Flooding in Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

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    Technological advantages in energy harvesting have been successfully applied in wireless sensor network environments, prolonging network’s lifetime, and, therefore, classical networking approaches like information dissemination need to be readdressed. More specifically, Probabilistic Flooding information dissemination is revisited in this work and it is observed that certain limitations arise due to the idiosyncrasies of nodes’ operation in energy harvesting network environments, resulting in reduced network coverage. In order to address this challenge, a modified version of Probabilistic Flooding is proposed, called Robust Probabilistic Flooding, which is capable of dealing with nodes of about to be exhausted batteries that resume their operation after ambient energy collection. In order to capture the behavior of the nodes’ operational states, a Markov chain model is also introduced and—based on certain observations and assumptions presented here—is subsequently simplified. Simulation results based on the proposed Markov chain model and a solar radiation dataset demonstrate the inefficiencies of Probabilistic Flooding and show that its enhanced version (i.e., Robust Probabilistic Flooding) is capable of fully covering the network on the expense of increased termination time in energy harvesting environments. Another advantage is that no extra overhead is introduced regarding the number of disseminated messages, thus not introducing any extra transmissions and therefore the consumed energy does not increase

    Exopolysaccharide Production in Submerged Fermentation of <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> under Red and Green Light

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    Light controls the developmental, physiological, morphological, and metabolic responses of many fungi. Most fungi respond primarily to blue, red, and green light through their respective photoreceptors. In this study, a screening of different light wavelengths’ effects on submerged Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation in baffled flasks was conducted. P. ostreatus growth was not inhibited in all tested conditions, while an equal or higher protein content was observed in comparison with dark conditions. Red and green light favored exopolysaccharide (EPS) production while red and blue light favored intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) production. To focus on EPS production, the effect of red and green light wavelengths on the production of the polysaccharide via submerged cultivation of P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 was tested. Submerged cultivation using red light in baffled flasks resulted in EPS production of 4.1 ± 0.4 g/L and IPS content of 23.1 ± 1.4% of dry weight (dw), while green light resulted in EPS production of 4.1 ± 0.2 g/L and 44.8 ± 5.2% dw IPS content. Similar production levels were achieved in a 3.5 L bioreactor using red light. The EPS produced using red light revealed a polysaccharide with a higher antioxidant activity compared to the polysaccharides produced by green light. In addition, the analysis of the crude polysaccharides has shown differences in biochemical composition. The structural differences and β glucan’s existence in the crude polysaccharides were confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Overall, these polysaccharides could be used in the food industry as they can enhance the functional health-promoting, physicochemical, and sensory properties of food products

    Modeling and Simulation Tools for Fog Computing—A Comprehensive Survey from a Cost Perspective

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    Fog computing is an emerging and evolving technology, which bridges the cloud with the network edges, allowing computing to work in a decentralized manner. As such, it introduces a number of complex issues to the research community and the industry alike. Both of them have to deal with many open challenges including architecture standardization, resource management and placement, service management, Quality of Service (QoS), communication, participation, to name a few. In this work, we provide a comprehensive literature review along two axes&mdash;modeling with an emphasis in the proposed fog computing architectures and simulation which investigates the simulation tools which can be used to develop and evaluate novel fog-related ideas

    5G UFMC Scheme Performance with Different Numerologies

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    5G is the latest mobile communications standard that is spreading fast across the world. Recently defined requirements for 5G systems have led to higher applications’ requirements regarding data rates, lower requirements for latency, and higher efficiency regarding the spectrum usage. Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) is one new candidate modulation scheme for emergent Fifth Generation (5G) communication systems. This paper focuses on Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) design aspects in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) performance in relation to the filter length used in subband filtering. Simulation results show that BER and CCDF performance varies for different filter lengths and modulation schemes. The main achievement of this work is that the results show that different Dolph–Chebyshev FIR filter lengths do not affect the BER performance both for the 64 and 256 QAM

    Analysis of the Impact of Electrical and Timing Masking on Soft Error Rate Estimation in VLSI Circuits

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    Due to continuous CMOS technology downscaling, Integrated Circuits (ICs) have become more susceptible to radiation-induced hazards such as soft errors. Thus, to design radiation-hardened and reliable ICs, the Soft Error Rate (SER) estimation constitutes an essential procedure. An accurate SER evaluation is provided based on a SPICE-oriented electrical masking analysis, combined with a TCAD characterization process. Furthermore, the proposed work analyzes the effect of a Static Timing Analysis (STA) methodology and the actual interconnection delay on SER evaluation. An analysis of the generated Single Event Multiple Transients (SEMTs) and the circuit operating frequency that are related to the SER estimation is also discussed. Various benchmarks, synthesized utilizing a 45 nm and 15 nm technology, are employed, and the experimental results demonstrate the SER variation as the device node scales down

    A Low-Cost Vehicular Traffic Monitoring System Using Fog Computing

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    With the rapid increase of vehicles in use worldwide, the need for efficient traffic monitoring systems has arisen. This work proposes a low-cost vehicular traffic monitoring system using IoT devices and fog computing. The system is based on a three-tiered architecture which is composed of (i) the mobile tracking system that records the positions of the vehicles using GPS technologies; (ii) the information gathering system which gathers all the data collected by the mobile tracking system; and (iii) the fog devices that process the data collected and extract the information needed. The system is tested in the town of Corfu during a period of increased tourism when the traffic is considered to be relatively dense. The mobile tracking system devices are placed on taxis and with the help of professional taxi drivers the accuracy of the data collected is evaluated. The system is able to record the movement of the vehicles accurately using its own independent data. The results can be remotely accessed by utilizing fog and cloud computing infrastructure established to process the data and upload it on a server. The system is used to give a better understanding of the speed variance in the center of the town during different dates and hours. In conclusion the system presented in this study can be utilized to monitor the traffic and provide vital information about its behavior in relation to time

    Financial analysis of a clothing company

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    Διπλωματική εργασία του τμήματος Μηχανικών Παραγωγής και ΔιοίκησηςΠερίληψη: Η παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζει μια χρηματοοικονομική ανάλυση μιας εταιρείας ένδυσης εντός μίας τετραετίας και ως δείγμα χρησιμοποιήθηκε η THE LIFE UP LTD, αντιπρόσωπος ενός μεγάλου brand στη χώρα μας, αλλά και στο εξωτερικό. Xρησιμοποιώντας αναλυτικές μεθόδους όπως οι αριθμητικοί δείκτες και οι οριζόντιες και κάθετες αναλύσεις, η εργασία παρέχει πολύτιμες πληροφορίες σχετικά με την πορεία της εταιρείας, τις αδυναμίες της, την οικονομική βιωσιμότητά της και τις μελλοντικές επενδυτικές στρατηγικές που μπορεί να ακολουθήσει για τη βελτίωση της θέσης της. Επιπλέον, μελετάται ο τρόπος με τον οποίο η πανδημία του COVID-19 επηρέασε τον κλάδο της κλωστοϋφαντουργίας γενικότερα, αλλά και τη συγκεκριμένη εταιρεία. Τέλος, η εργασία συνοψίζει τα συμπεράσματα που προκύπτουν από την ανάλυση, τα οποία μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως βάση για τη λήψη αποφάσεων και την υιοθέτηση μέτρων με σκοπό την βελτίωση της επιχειρηματικής απόδοσης και της οικονομικής βιωσιμότητας της εν λόγω εταιρείας.Summarization: This paper presents a financial analysis of a clothing company within a four-year period and THE LIFE UP LTD, representative of a major brand in our country and abroad, was used as a sample. Using analytical methods such as numerical ratios and horizontal and vertical analyses, the paper provides valuable information about the company's trajectory, its weaknesses, its financial viability and future investment strategies it can pursue to improve its position. In addition, it studies how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the textile industry in general, but also the specific company. Finally, the paper summarizes the conclusions derived from the analysis, which can be used as a basis for decision-making and the adoption of measures in order to improve the business performance and financial viability of the company in question

    Implementation of a Topology Independent MAC (TiMAC) Policy on a Low-Cost IoT System

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    The emerging new paradigm under the fifth generation of wireless communications technologies (5G) and high expectations for massively expanding today&rsquo;s Internet of Things (IoT) under 5G, are expected to support a large plurality of low-cost devices for an all-increasing number of new IoT applications. Many emerging IoT applications are going to take advantage of techniques and technologies that have high demands from low-cost devices in terms of processing large amounts of data and communication. For example, in systems based on fog computing technology, low-cost devices have to assign some of their limited resources for processing purposes. Considering the drawbacks emerging from using low-cost devices and the fact that many applications are in need for time-constrained approaches, TDMA-based Medium Access Control (MAC) policies need to be revisited and implemented in low-cost devices of today. In this sense, a policy independent of the underlying topology, TiMAC policy, is considered here and is implemented in low-cost devices using 433 MHz RF modules. Even though the implementation is limited by synchronization issues and a small number of nodes, the obtained experimental results demonstrate the potential for employing TDMA-based MAC policies on IoT systems consisting of low-cost devices
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