Landslide Hazard and Risk Assessment for a Natural Gas Pipeline Project: The Case of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline, Albania Section

The paper focuses on the assessment of landslide hazard and risk along or across the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) natural gas pipeline project in Albania. TAP is a natural gas pipeline that will transport gas from the Caspian Sea to Europe, crossing Northern Greece and Southern Albania. It has long been recognised that landsliding is a major factor for TAP’s pipeline route selection in mountainous regions, especially the challenging area of central Albania. Experience from similar major pipelines has shown that hazard avoidance is generally the most cost- and time-efficient strategy to minimise the landslide risk since geohazard-related decision-making is usually risk-based. For landslides, the risk profile is expected to be dominated by the upslope expansion of existing landslides, resulting in a loss of ridge crest (where the Right of Way (RoW) is usually located), possibly leading to pipeline rupture. However, it is still possible that new landslides could develop under static and/or seismic conditions, especially on steep ridge flanks along the route. An expert determination approach was adopted to define a consensus for the estimate of the risk (i.e., chance of rupture) for the pipeline at eighty-two (82) identified landslide sites in Albania, to identify “hot spots” along the route, where risk-reduction measures could be prioritised. Ten landslides were characterised as “High Risk”, fifteen as “Medium Risk” and nineteen as “Low Risk”. Following this risk assessment, two large re-routings, as well as several local re-routings, were considered. Further investigation was required to identify the site-specific geotechnical conditions and probable remedial measures in cases where landslides could not be avoided by rerouting

Molecular and supramolecular Ni(II) wheels from alpha-benzoin oxime

The use of alpha-benzoin oxime in Ni(II) chemistry leads to the formation of a family of unusual molecular and supramolecular wheels

Molecular and supramolecular Ni(II) wheels from alpha-benzoin oxime

The use of alpha-benzoin oxime in Ni(II) chemistry leads to the formation of a family of unusual molecular and supramolecular wheels.</p

Molecular and supramolecular Ni(II) wheels from alpha-benzoin oxime

The use of alpha-benzoin oxime in Ni(II) chemistry leads to the formation of a family of unusual molecular and supramolecular wheels.</p

Supramolecular Entanglement from Interlocked Molecular Nanomagnets

{The trinuclear nanomagnet {[}(Mn3O)-O-III(Et-sao)(3)(MeOH)(3)](ClO4) (1) has been utilized as a building block for the construction of the hexanuclear cluster {[}((Mn3O)-O-III(Et-saO)(3)(O2CPh)(EtOH)\}(2)(4,4&apos;-bpe\}(2)] (3) that conforms to a rectangle and the two-dimensional coordination polymer \{ {[}(Mn3O)-O-III(sao)(3)(4,4&apos;-bpe)(1.5)]ClO4 center dot 3MeOH)(n) (2 center dot 3MeOH). The latter exhibits an unprecedented type of entanglement that is based on host guest interactions. The polygon versus the polymer is rationalized in terms of changing an auxiliary anion that influences the arrangement of the potentially ``vacant{&apos;&apos;} coordination axes on each Mn-III ion of the trinuclear precursor and thereby directing the self-assembly process.