Investigation into the Effects of Filling Materials on the Dental Tissues

This Thesis describes an investigation into the effects of zinc phosphate cement, silver nitrate and silver-tin amalgam on the dental tissues. In the introduction a review is given of the irrational use in the past of filling materials and of previous investigations into the effects of filling materials on the vital dental tissues. The importance of the close physiological relationship between dentine and dental pulp is emphasised. The development of the use of radioactive isotopes in biological research and their suitability for further use in investigating the effects of filling materials is discussed. Methods of detecting and measuring these radioactive materials are described with particular application of these methods to this investigation. A description of the filling materials used in this treatise is given with the methods of preparing them for radiochemical examination. The selection of teeth, both human and animal, is also described together with a standardized method for preparing the tooth cavities. The history of zinc phosphate cement is reviewed and the complex reaction which takes place when the powder and liquid of this cement are mixed is described. It is shown that phosphoric acid and primary acid phosphate are present when the cement is in the plastic state. The importance of variations in the consistency of the plastic cement is stressed. Measurements of acidity are also given which show that this cement is strongly acid when placed in the tooth cavity, and remains acid after setting. The results of the experimental work on this material are incorporated into a discussion. These results confirm that, a reaction of some degree will occur in the dental pulp when this cement is placed in contact with vital dentine. Radioactive tracers show that the phosphoric acid and primary acid phosphate present during the setting reaction penetrate along the dentinal tubules cut during cavity preparation. The degree of penetration of the acids and the severity of the pulpal reaction vary with the consistency and time/ time of insertion of the cement into the tooth cavity. Penetration and reaction are most severe with thin consistencies inserted immediately after mixing. A layer of calcium hydroxide paste placed between the cement and the dentine is effective in reducing the severity of the pulpal reaction. The results also show that no diffusion of arsenic takes place from zinc phosphate cement into dentine. A chapter on silver nitrate describes the history of this material and methods of applying it to the dental tissues. The results of the investigations are given and a discussion is included. In assessing the results of the silver nitrate experiments, the variations which may occur in the permeability of dentine are stressed. It is demonstrated that silver nitrate is taken up by the enamel of the teeth at a constant rate in relation to the duration of the application. The penetration of silver nitrate through vital dentine is also shown. The use of the medicaments, alcohol and phenol, on the cavity floor is shown to increase the permeability of the dentine to silver nitrate; and it is advised that/ that neither phenol nor alcohol should be applied to freshly cut dentine. A possible explanation is given to the varying results on dentine permeability to different dyes

Team project work for distance learners in engineering � challenges and benefits

Team Engineering (first presented in autumn 2006) was the first course (module) at the Open University (OU) to use wikis and video-conferencing in combination to support the work of project teams. Teams of five students, working remotely from one another, tackle an engineering project over 32 weeks. The teams schedule regular meetings throughout the project and these are conducted using FlashMeeting, a lightweight video-conferencing system being developed by the OU�s Knowledge Media Institute, KMi (http://flashmeeting.open.ac.uk). Unlike other systems, FlashMeeting requires no software installation. In addition, it not only archives the meetings but also provides detailed analysis of the proceedings. The teams are encouraged to use the wiki facility in the OU�s virtual learning environment (VLE) for their collaborative report-writing. The collective work of the team is assessed through these reports. The performance of the individual is assessed through their reflective account of the project. The archiving facility in FlashMeeting has been of huge help in developing this. For the next presentation of the course a learning journal is to be added to the existing means of support. Feedback from tutors and students alike has been extremely positive, whilst recognising the limitations of the technologies in their current implementations. This paper gives an account of the students� achievements and offers an assessment of the pedagogic potential of using these media together

Team project work for distance learners in engineering – challenges and benefits

Team Engineering (first presented in autumn 2006) was the first course (module) at the Open University (OU) to use wikis and video-conferencing in combination to support the work of project teams. Teams of five students, working remotely from one another, tackle an engineering project over 32 weeks. The teams schedule regular meetings throughout the project and these are conducted using FlashMeeting, a lightweight video-conferencing system being developed by the OU's Knowledge Media Institute, KMi (http://flashmeeting.open.ac.uk). Unlike other systems, FlashMeeting requires no software installation. In addition, it not only archives the meetings but also provides detailed analysis of the proceedings. The teams are encouraged to use the wiki facility in the OU's virtual learning environment (VLE) for their collaborative report-writing. The collective work of the team is assessed through these reports. The performance of the individual is assessed through their reflective account of the project. The archiving facility in FlashMeeting has been of huge help in developing this. For the next presentation of the course a learning journal is to be added to the existing means of support. Feedback from tutors and students alike has been extremely positive, whilst recognising the limitations of the technologies in their current implementations. This paper gives an account of the students' achievements and offers an assessment of the pedagogic potential of using these media together

PEA‐15 (Phosphoprotein Enriched in Astrocytes 15) Is a Protective Mediator in the Vasculature and Is Regulated During Neointimal Hyperplasia

This work was supported by a grant from the Medical Research Council, UK (MR/K012789/1). Additional information can be downloaded from the publisher's websitePeer reviewedPublisher PD

The cAMP-producing agonist beraprost inhibits human vascular smooth muscle cell migration via exchange protein directly activated by cAMP

This work was supported by the British Heart foundation (grant FS/11/23/28730). J.S.M. was funded by a British Heart Foundation PhD studentship. Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the Charities Open Access Fund (UK).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

La Dolce Vita: Law and Equity Merged at Last!

Based upon an exegesis of the history of equity as a system of law, a comparison of Arkansas\u27 present separate courts system with its own predecessors and with systems of other states, and, further, based upon an in-depth investigation of the practical and theoretical arguments-both positive and negative-concerning merger, it will be clearly seen that the merger of law and equity courts in the State would be neither a panacea for all judicial woes nor open a Pandora\u27s box of abounding confusion. The merger, if effected, would present some operational difficulties in its inauguration, but it would ultimately ensure a more complete form of justice than does the present system

Scientific Methods in Dental Research

Abstract Not Provided

The wee country that rOAred : measuring, supporting and building trust in open access in Scotland through institutional repositories

The 2021 CWTS Leiden rankings show 24 UK institutions in the global Top 10 by percentage of Open Access publications and 25% of those institutions are in Scotland. This presentation will focus on the experience of some of these Scottish institutions and the growth of their institutional repository services as a demonstration of a wider national commitment to Open Access. It will also highlight the growth in Open Access demonstrated by the CWTS rankings and Scotland?s Open Access journey from 2004 to today. This will be done through brief case studies which showcase the experience and expertise of these institutions and the support of the Scottish Confederation of University and Research Libraries (SCURL). It will also highlight the opportunities for national collaboration at a Scottish and UK level set against the context of updated UK open access funder policy and a national assessment exercise (REF2021) which was committed to Open Access.PostprintPublisher PDFPeer reviewe

The wee country that roared : supporting Open Access in Scotland through institutional repositories

The 2019 CWTS Leiden statistics show 3 Scottish institutions in the Top 10 and 4 in the top 15 in Open Access. This presentation will focus on brief case studies of Scottish institutions and the growth of their institutional repository services as a demonstration of a wider national commitment to Open Access. It will also highlight Scotland’s Open Access journey from 2004 to today through the experience and expertise of these institutions and the support of the Scottish Confederation of University and Research Libraries (SCURL). This journey will include the conditions of their local environments, key drivers and a mix of approaches for success, choice of platform(s) and the challenges, at an institutional level in embedding open repositories. These case studies taken together will demonstrate the drive to ensure Scotland’s research is “Open for All” and further enable the global impact for research undertaken in Scottish institutions