166 research outputs found
Tensile and compressive plastic deformation behavior of medium-entropy Cr-Co-Ni single crystals from cryogenic to elevated temperatures
The equiatomic Cr-Co-Ni medium-entropy alloy has the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. Bulk single crystals of this alloy were grown and tested in tension and compression between 14 K and 1373 K with the loading axis parallel to [1â»23]. At room temperature, the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for {111} slip is 65 ± 5 MPa and does not exhibit a tension-compression asymmetry. It does, however, increase significantly as the test temperature decreases. A dulling of this temperature dependence occurs below 50 K, which may be due to the inertia effect. When the measured values above 50 K are extrapolated to lower temperatures, a value of 225 MPa is estimated for the CRSS at 0 K. This is larger than that (168 MPa) previously determined for the equiatomic Cr-Mn-Fe-Co-Ni high-entropy alloy using a similar procedure. The stacking fault energy of the present Cr-Co-Ni is estimated to be about 14 mJmâ»ÂČ, which is sufficiently low to account for deformation twinning both at 77 K and room temperature. Twinning at 77 K occurs on conjugate (1â»1â»1) planes at an onset shear stress of 482 MPa after primary slip and propagates in the form of LĂŒders deformation. At room temperature, twinning occurs uniformly throughout the gauge section on primary (111) planes at an onset shear stress of 381 MPa after primary and subsequent conjugate slip. Thin layers with the hexagonal close-packed stacking are observed in association with twinning both at 77 K and room temperature
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High Strain Rate Tensile Testing of DOP-26 Iridium
The iridium alloy DOP-26 was developed through the Radioisotope Power Systems Program in the Office of Nuclear Energy of the Department of Energy. It is used for clad vent set cups containing radioactive fuel in radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) heat sources which provide electric power for spacecraft. This report describes mechanical testing results for DOP-26. Specimens were given a vacuum recrystallization anneal of 1 hour at 1375 C and tested in tension in orientations parallel and perpendicular to the rolling direction of the sheet from which they were fabricated. The tests were performed at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1090 C and strain rates ranging from 1 x 10{sup -3} to 50 s{sup -1}. Room temperature testing was performed in air, while testing at elevated temperatures was performed in a vacuum better than 1 x 10{sup -4} Torr. The yield stress (YS) and the ultimate tensile stress (UTS) decreased with increasing temperature and increased with increasing strain rate. Between 600 and 1090 C, the ductility showed a slight increase with increasing temperature. Within the scatter of the data, the ductility did not depend on the strain rate. The reduction in area (RA), on the other hand, decreased with increasing strain rate. The YS and UTS values did not differ significantly for the longitudinal and transverse specimens. The ductility and RA values of the transverse specimens were marginally lower than those of the longitudinal specimens
Exceptional damage-tolerance of a medium-entropy alloy CrCoNi at cryogenic temperatures
High-entropy alloys are an intriguing new class of metallic materials that
derive their properties from being multi-element systems that can crystallize
as a single phase, despite containing high concentrations of five or more
elements with different crystal structures. Here we examine an equiatomic
medium-entropy alloy containing only three elements, CrCoNi, as a single-phase
face-centered cubic (fcc) solid solution, which displays strength-toughness
properties that exceed those of all high-entropy alloys and most multi-phase
alloys. At room temperature the alloy shows tensile strengths of almost 1 GPa,
failure strains of ~70%, and KJIc fracture-toughness values above 200 MPa.m1/2;
at cryogenic temperatures strength, ductility and toughness of the CrCoNi alloy
improve to strength levels above 1.3 GPa, failure strains up to 90% and KJIc
values of 275 MPa.m1/2. Such properties appear to result from continuous steady
strain hardening, which acts to suppress plastic instability, resulting from
pronounced dislocation activity and deformation-induced nano-twinning.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure
Evolution of short-range order and its effects on the plastic deformation behavior of single crystals of the equiatomic Cr-Co-Ni medium-entropy alloy
Short-range ordering (SRO), its evolution in the equiatomic Cr-Co-Ni medium-entropy alloy (MEA), and its effects on mechanical properties were investigated by, respectively, electrical resistivity measurements and tension and compression tests on single crystal specimens at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. SRO below 973 K can be monitored by changes in electrical resistivity, which increases gradually with time to a saturation value during isothermal annealing in the temperature range of 673â973 K. While the time required to reach saturation is shorter at higher temperatures, the saturation resistivity is higher at lower temperatures, indicating a higher degree of SRO at lower temperature although it takes longer to reach saturation because of slower kinetics. No significant change in the plastic deformation behavior is found at room temperature and 77 K for different degrees of SRO. The yield stress as well as the slip localization behavior are basically the same after SRO, and the magnitude of yield drop does not correlate with the degree of SRO. Tensile stress-strain curves are not much affected by SRO up to high strain levels, resulting in identical shear stresses for the onset of deformation twinning at room temperature regardless of the degree of SRO. The dislocation structure, variations in dislocation dissociation width, and stacking fault energy are all essentially unchanged
Nanoscale Origins of the Damage Tolerance of the High-Entropy Alloy CrMnFeCoNi
Damage-tolerance can be an elusive characteristic of structural materials
requiring both high strength and ductility, properties that are often mutually
exclusive. High-entropy alloys are of interest in this regard. Specifically,
the single-phase CrMnFeCoNi alloy displays tensile strength levels of ~1 GPa,
excellent ductility (~60-70%) and exceptional fracture toughness (KJIc > 200
MPa/m). Here, through the use of in-situ straining in an aberration-corrected
transmission electron microscope, we report on the salient atomistic to
micro-scale mechanisms underlying the origin of these properties. We identify a
synergy of multiple deformation mechanisms, rarely achieved in metallic alloys,
which generates high strength, work hardening and ductility, including the easy
motion of Shockley partials, their interactions to form stacking-fault
parallelepipeds, and arrest at planar-slip bands of undissociated dislocations.
We further show that crack propagation is impeded by twinned, nano-scale
bridges that form between the near-tip crack faces and delay fracture by
shielding the crack tip.Comment: 6 figures, 4 figure
Exceptional fracture toughness of CrCoNi-based medium- and high-entropy alloys close to liquid helium temperatures
Medium- and high-entropy alloys based on the CrCoNi-system have been shown to
display outstanding strength, tensile ductility and fracture toughness
(damage-tolerance properties), especially at cryogenic temperatures. Here we
examine the JIc and (back-calculated) KJIc fracture toughness values of the
face-centered cubic, equiatomic CrCoNi and CrMnFeCoNi alloys at 20 K. At flow
stress values of ~1.5 GPa, crack-initiation KJIc toughnesses were found to be
exceptionally high, respectively 235 and 415 MPa(square-root)m for CrMnFeCoNi
and CrCoNi, with the latter displaying a crack-growth toughness Kss exceeding
540 MPa(square-root)m after 2.25 mm of stable cracking, which to our knowledge
is the highest such value ever reported. Characterization of the crack-tip
regions in CrCoNi by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy
reveal deformation structures at 20 K that are quite distinct from those at
higher temperatures and involve heterogeneous nucleation, but restricted
growth, of stacking faults and fine nano-twins, together with transformation to
the hexagonal closed-packed phase. The coherent interfaces of these features
can promote both the arrest and transmission of dislocations to generate
respectively strength and ductility which strongly contributes to sustained
strain hardening. Indeed, we believe that these nominally single-phase,
concentrated solid-solution alloys develop their fracture resistance through a
progressive synergy of deformation mechanisms, including dislocation glide,
stacking-fault formation, nano-twinning and eventually in situ phase
transformation, all of which serve to extend continuous strain hardening which
simultaneously elevates strength and ductility (by delaying plastic
instability), leading to truly exceptional resistance to fracture.Comment: 31 pages, 10 figures, including Supplementary Informatio
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