How Partnership Behaviour Evolves in Networks: Path Dependency, Social Figuration and Life Events

Štenad, u usporedbi sa mladunčadi drugih sisavaca, ima niži stupanj mineralizacije koštanog sustava. Štenad velikih i gigantskih pasmina pasa slabije je razvijena u odnosu na manje pasmine i iz tog razloga je sklonija razvoju ortopedskih bolesti tijekom razdoblja brzog rasta. Rast i razvoj koštanog sustava te mineralizacija kostiju važan je fiziološki proces koji je reguliran nizom hormonalnih čimbenika, koji su pod utjecajem hranjivih tvari iz obroka. Dodatno, hrana je izvor makronutrijenata koji su izvor energije potrebne za pravilan rast i razvoj. Potrebe za energijom ovisiti će o fazi rasta i razvoja. Stoga je iznimno važno štenad hraniti izbalansiranim i potpunim obrocima, poglavito tijekom faze brzog rasta. U razdobljima brzog rasta štenad treba hraniti ograničenom količinom hrane, obročnim režimom hranjenja, na temelju njihove kondicije i faze rasta. Postupni porast tjelesne težine očekivan je sve dok razvoj tkiva ne bude potpun. Bitno je naglasiti kako psi velikih i gigantskih pasmina dosežu odraslu masu znatno kasnije od malih pasmina pasa. Prekomjerna tjelesna težina i brzi rast kod štenadi mogu voditi ka pojavi patologija koštanog sustava poput displazije lakta i kuka, ili pak abnormalnosti njihovog položaja. Upravo iz tog razloga kontrola unosa hrane i opskrbe energijom od iznimne je važnosti. Osim toga, kako bi osigurali optimalan rast i razvoj štenadi važno je pratiti i procjenjivati tjelesnu kondiciju. Naglasak procjene odnosi se na fazu brzog rasta, no potrebno je biti oprezan jer je BCS skala validirana za životinje u odrasloj dobi. Pritom je cilj postići umjereni intenzitet rasta, a ne maksimalni kako bi se izbjegle nepoželjne posljedice. Ciljna masa u odrasloj dobi neće ovisiti o intenzitetu rasta. Dodatno, minerali i vitamini iznimno su važni u koštanom rastu i razvoju. Jedan od ključnih minerala koji utječe na fiziološki proces rasta i mineralizacije kostiju je kalcij. Kalcij je reguliran u organizmu kalcitropnim hormonima: PTH, vitamin D i kalcitonin, čija je funkcija ključna u procesu rasta i remodeliranja kostiju. Ukoliko dođe do njihovog deficita ili suviška, dolazi do posljedica poput slabijeg rasta, promjena u mineralizaciji kostiju, povećane resorpcije kostiju, hiperparatireoidizma, panostitisa, sindroma zakrivljenog radijusa ili pak displazije 46 lakatnog zgloba i displazije kuka. Iz razloga što se minerali i vitamini nalaze u osjetljivoj ravnoteži i jer je prostora za pogrešku malo, vitaminsko mineralne dodatke prehrani kod štenadi nije uputno davati, dapače kontraindicirani su ukoliko se štene hrani potpunom hranom, namijenjenoj dobi i pasmini.Puppies, compared to the pups of other mammals, have a lower degree of bone mineralization. Puppies of large and giant dog breeds are less developed at birth compared to smaller breeds and for this reason are more prone to development of orthopedic diseases during periods of rapid growth. The growth and development of the skeletal system and bone mineralization is an important physiological process that is regulated by a number of hormonal factors, which are influenced by the nutrients from the diet. Additionally, diet is a major source of macronutrients that enable the growth and development of the growing dogs. The energy requirements depend on their growth phase and development. These are all reasons why it is necessary to provide balanced diet especially during the rapid growth phase with the special emphasis on giant breeds because of the speed of their growth. During periods of rapid growth, puppies should be fed a limited amount of energy, using meal restricted feeding regime, based on their body condition score and growth phase. A gradual increase in body weight is the goal during growth phase until tissue development is complete. It is important to note that dogs of large and giant breeds reach adult mass much later than small breeds. Excess weight and rapid growth can lead to pathologies of the skeletal system such as elbow and hip dysplasia, or abnormalities in their position. For this reason it is important to stress that the control of food intake and energy supply in these breeds is of utmost importance. In addition, to ensure optimal growth and development of puppies, it is important to monitor and assess body condition score (BCS). The emphasis of the assessment refers to the rapid growth phase, but it should be used with caution as the BCS scale is validated for adult animals. The goal is to achieve moderate growth intensity rather than maximum to avoid undesirable consequences. The adult bodyweight will not be dependent on the intensity of growth. Additionally, minerals and vitamins in the diet play an extremely important role in bone growth and development. One of the most important elements that affects the physiological process of bone growth and mineralization is calcium. Metabolism of calcium is regulated by calciotropic hormones: PTH, vitamin D and calcitonin, whose function is crucial in the process 48 of bone growth and remodelling. If there is a deficiency or excess of calcium in the diet, it could lead to poor growth, changes in bone mineralization, increased bone resorption, hyperparathyroidism, panosteitis, radius curvus syndrome or elbow dysplasia and hip dysplasia. Due to sensitive mineral and vitamin balance and small margin for error, supplements in puppies are not recommended, and are in fact contraindicated, if the complete and balanced diet appropriate for its age and breed is fed

Land use-transportation scenario planning: promise and reality

Land use-transportation scenario planning has become increasingly common in regional and sub-regional planning processes. The technique promises to provide citizens with opportunities to engage in constructive dialogue about the future of their communities, and to serve as a basis for assertive action to direct the course of that future. This study reviews 80 scenario planning projects from more than 50 U.S. metropolitan areas. The analysis reveals important gaps in the practice of scenario planning—particularly in the areas of public participation, methodology, and institutional structures—and recent efforts to address the shortcomings. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007Land-Use, Planning, Scenario, Transportation,