Environmental Impacts Resulting From Construction Of A Pisciculture Installation In Juquiá And Region, Brazil

Pisciculture (fish culture) stations are an economic development opportunity adopted in the region of Juquia, Ribeira Valley (Sao Paulo, Brazil). This report examines the impact of these farms on the environment from the perspective of the constraints of local settings and the way in which the technology was applied. The characteristics of nine enterprises were compared with the features recommended in the literature and by legislation. The primary impacts identified were erosion, the depositing of silt, and the entry of exotic fish into natural waters. These impacts resulted from poorly built drainage conduits, unplanned and poorly controlled excavation, and poor design decisions.184335340Juchem, P.A., (1992) MAIA - Manual De Avaliacao De Impactos Ambientais, , (editor) (Curitiba, Instituto Ambiental do Parana GTZ, Brazil, 2nd edition)Novato, P.F.C., Potencial Aquicola Do Vale Do Ribeira, , (in press). Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de Sao Paulo/ENGECORPS, Sao PauloPillay, T.V.R., (1992) Aquaculture and Environment, , (John Wiley & SonsInc. New York)Proenca, C.E.M., Bittencourt, P.R.L., (1994) Manual De Piscicultura Tropical, , Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renovaveis (IBAMA, Brasilia)(1987) Safety Evaluation of Existing Dams, , United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (undated), translated by M LA Silver et al (Eletrobras, Rio de Janeiro, Memorias da Eletricidad

Tentative Hydrologic Soil Classification For Tropical Soils

The Runoff Curve Number (CN) method is applied for estimating direct runoff from rainstorms. Its application is based on the selection of input CN from handbook tables of USA origin. The use of these tables is by default, insofar as CN determinations for various land use and soils have not been done for the local conditions. Soils are classified in four groups (A, B, C and D); from the lowest to the highest runoff potential. At this point, the most difficult task is classifying a soil because the general characteristics of the hydrologic soil groups (HSGs) do not provide objective criteria for applying the method outside the USA, mainly for regions or countries where there are highly weathered soils, such as Brazil. This happens because the criteria are mainly based on soil texture, once the steady infiltration rate data or saturated hydraulic conductivity data are not always available or obtained. Thus, after reviewing the current HSGs criteria, new ones were developed based on Brazilian soils to improve accuracy and consistency in allocating tropical soils to the appropriate group.199204China Society for Hydropower Engineering,Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society,et al.,Int. Assoc. Hydraulic Eng. Res. (IAHR),National Natural Science Foundation of China,State Key Lab. Hydrology-Water Resources Hydraulic Eng.Bertolani, F.C., Vieira, S.R., Variabilidade espacial da taxa de infiltração de água e espessura do horizonte A, em um argissolo vermelho-amarelo, sob diferentes usos (2001) Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, N, 25, pp. 987-995. , 2001Brady, N.C., Weil, R.R., (2000) Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils, 573p. , New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000Brakensiek, D.L., Rawls, W.J., Green-ampt infiltration model parameters for hydrologic classification of soils (1983) Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Advances in Irrigation and Drainage: Surviving External Pressures, pp. 226-233. , July, 20-22, 1983. ASCE/ASAE(2006) Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos, 306p. , Embrapa 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos, 2006Hawkins, R.H., Hjelmfelt, A.T., Zevenberger, A.W., Runoff probability, storm depth, and curve numbers (1985) Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 111 (4), pp. 330-340. , 1985Lombardi Neto, F., Bellinazzi Jr., R., Galeti, P.A., Bertolini, D., Lepsch, I.F., Oliveira, J.B., Nova abordagem para cálculo de espaçamento entre terraços (1989) Simpósio Sobre Terraceamento Agrícola, pp. 99-124. , Campinas: Fundação Cargill, 1989Musgrave, G.W., How much of the rain enters the soil? (1955) USDA. Water: The Yearbook of Agriculture, pp. 151-159. , 1955. Washington. United States Government Printing OfficeChapter 7: Hydrologic soil groups (2007) National Engineering Handbook: Part 630, , http://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov, NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service Hydrology. 2007 Access on September 25 2007Oliveira, J.B., Pedologia aplicada (2005) Piracicaba: FEALQ, 574p. , 2005Sartori, A., Lombardi Neto, F., Genovez, A.M., Classificação hidrológica de solos brasileiros para a estimativa da chuva excedente com o método do serviço de conservação do solo dos estados unidos (2005) Parte 1: Classificação. Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos, 10 (4), pp. 5-18. , Out/Dez, 2005Sartori, A., Genovez, A.M., Lombardi Neto, F., Classificação hidrológica de solos brasileiros para a estimativa da chuva excedente com o método do serviço de conservação do solo dos estados unidos (2005) Parte 2: Aplicação. Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos, 10 (4), pp. 19-29. , Out/Dez, 2005(1964) National Engineering Handbook: Section 4, Hydrology, , Soil Conservation Service - SCS(1986) Urban Hydrology of Small Watersheds, 55. , TR55 - Technical Release USDA, NRCS, 1986Zimback, C.R.L., Carvalho, A.M., Caracterização hídrica dos solos de três bacias hidrográficas, na região de marília (SP) (1996) Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 20 (3), pp. 459-466. , Campinas 1996World reference base for soil resources 2006, first update 2007 (2007) World Soil Resources Reports No. 103, , IUSS Working Group WRB FAO, RomeNielsen, R.D., Hjelmfelt Jr., A.T., Hydrologic soil-group assignment (1998) International Water Resources Engineering Conference, 2, pp. 1297-1302. , Memphis, Tennessee, 1998. ASC

Trend Analysis Of Water Quality In Some Rivers With Different Degress Of Development Within The São Paulo State, Brazil

Time series of dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate, total phosphorus, chloride, ammonia and faecal coliforms (FC), monitored by CETESB ('Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental'), in the period from 1979 to 2001, were analysed in seven river basins located in the São Paulo State, one of the most developed regions in Brazil. The selected rivers, Piracicaba, Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo Grande, Peixe, Aguapeí, São José dos Dourados and Alto Paranapanema have different degrees of development concerning industrial, agricultural and population growth. Trend analysis methodology was based on graphical exploratory analysis followed by confirmation through statistical tests. Results showed impoverishment of the water quality conditions in most of the studied basins, represented by the positive trends of the parameters (BOD, nitrogens, total phosphorus, clorate and FC) and negative trend of the parameter (DO). Among the analysed basins, the Piracicaba River is the most severely affected with higher variations in the magnitude followed by the basins of the Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo Grande, Peixe and Aguapeí Rivers. On the other hand, the Alto Paranapanema and São José dos Dourados basins are the least affected. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.24810561067Ballester, M.V.R., Martinelli, L.A., Krusche, A.V., Victoria, R.L., Bernardes, M., Camargo, P.B., Effects of increasing organic matter loading on the dissolved O2, free dissolved CO2 and respiration rates in the Piracicaba River basin, southeast Brazil (1999) Water Research, 33 (9), pp. 2119-2129Biggs, T.W., Dunne, T., Martinelli, L.A., Natural controls and human impacts on stream nutrients concentrations in a eforested region of the Brazilian Amazon basin (2004) Biogeochemistry, 68, pp. 227-257Burn, G.J.S., Hydrologic effects of climatic change in west-central Canada (1994) Journal of Hydrology, 160, pp. 53-70Cavadias, G.S., A survey of current approaches to modeling of hydrological time-series with respect to climate variability and change (1992), Report WCASP-23, World Meteorological Organization/TD-No. 534(2002), www.cetesb.sp.gov.brComber, S., Gardner, M., An assessment of trends in European environmental data for mercury and chlorinated organic compounds in water and biota (1999) The Science of the Total Environment, 243-244, pp. 193-201Cun, C., Vilagines, R., Time series analysis on chlorides, nitrates, ammonium and dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Seine River near Paris (1997) The Science of the Total Environment, 208, pp. 59-69Daniel, M.H.B., Montebello, A.A., Bernardes, M.C., Ometto, J.P.H.B., Camargo, P.B., Krusche, A.V., Ballester, M.V., Martinelli, L.A., Effects of urban sewage on dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon and organic carbon, and electrical conductivity of small streams along a gradient of urbanization in the Piracicaba River basin (2002) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 136, pp. 189-206Demaree, G.R., Nicolis, C., Onset of Sahelian drought viewed as a fluctuation induced transition (1990) Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 116, pp. 221-238Demaree, G.R., An indication of climatic change as seen from the rainfall data of a Mauritanian station (1990) Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 42, pp. 139-147Filoso, S., Martinelli, L.A., Williams, M.R., Lara, L.B., Krusche, A., Ballester, M.V., Victoria, R.L., Camargo, P.B., Land use and nitrogen export in the Piracicaba River Basin, Southeast Brazil (2003) Biogeochemistry, 65 (3), pp. 275-294Forester, D.L., (2000) Water Quality in the Credit River 1964-1998, , Canadá Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto: CanadaGergel, S.E., Turner, M.G., Miller, J.R., Melack, J.M., Stanley, E.H., Landscape indicators of human impacts to riverine systems (2002) Aquatic Science, 64, pp. 118-128Hipel, K.W., McLeod, A.D., Times series modelling of water resources and enviromental systems (1994) Developments in Water Science, 45. , 1013pHirsch, R.M., Alexander, R.B., Smith, R.A., Selection of methods for the detection and estimation of trends in water quality (1991) Water Resources Research, 27 (5), pp. 803-813Hirsch, R.M., Slack, R.J., Smith, R., Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data (1982) Water Resources Research, 18 (1), pp. 107-121(2000) Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico, , IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE, Departamento de População e Indicadores Sociais, Rio de Janeiro. 2002Krusche, A.V., Carvalho, F.P., Moraes, J.M., Ballester, M.V.R., Hornink, S., Martinelli, L.A., Victoria, R.L., Spatial and temporal water quality variability in the Piracicaba River basin, Brazil (1997) Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 33 (5), pp. 1117-1123. , pLangrand MJ, Edwards RE, Darrel LC. 1998. Status yields and trends of nutrients and sediment and methods of analysis for the nontidal data-collection programs, Chesapeake Bay Basin, 1985-96. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 98-17Larsen, S.E., Kronvang, B., Windolf, J., Svendsen, L.M., Trends in diffuse nutrient concentrations and loading in Denmark: Statistical trend analysis of stream monitoring data (1999) Water Science, 39 (12), pp. 197-205Lundin, M., Molander, S., Morrison, G.M., A set of indicators for the assessment of temporal variations in the sustainability of sanitary systems (1999) Water Science, 39 (5), pp. 235-242Maasdam, R., Claassen, T.H.L., Trends in water quality and algal growth in shallow frisian lakes, the Netherlands (1998) Water Science, 37 (3), pp. 177-184Martinelli, L.A., Krusche, A.V., Victoria, R.L., Camargo, P.B., Bernardes, M., Ferraz, E.S., Moraes, J.M., Ballester, M.V., Effects of sewage on the chemical composition of Piracicaba River, SouthEast Brazil (1999) Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 110, pp. 67-69Martinelli, L.A., Silva, A.M., Camargo, P.B., Moretti, L.R., Tomazelli, A.C., Silva, D.M.L., Fischer, E.G., Salomão, M.S.M.B., Levantamento das cargas orgânicas lançadas nos rios do Estado de São Paulo. (2002) Biota Neotropica, 2, pp. 1-18McLeod, A.I., Hipel, K.W., Bodo, B.A., Trend analysis methodology for water quality time series (1991) Environmetrics, 2 (2), pp. 169-200McLeod, A.I., Hipel, K.W., (1995) Reference manual, The McLeod-Hipel Time Series Package, , 117 pMoraes JM, Pellegrino GQ, Ballester MV, Martinelli LA, Victoria RL, Krusch AV. 1995. Estudo preliminar da evolução temporal dos componentes do ciclo hidrológico da bacia do rio Piracicaba. In Simpósio de Recursos Hídricos 11, Simpósio de Hidráulica e Recursos Hídricos dos países de Língua Oficial Portuguesa, 2, Recife PE. Anais Porto Alegre: ABRH27-32Moraes, J.M., Pellegrino, G.Q., Ballester, M.V., Martinelli, L.A., Victoria, R.L., Krusch, A.V., Trends in hydrological parameters of a southern Brazilian watershed and is relation to human induced changes (1998) Water Resources Management, 12, pp. 295-311Ometto, J.P.H.B., Martinelli, L.A., Ballester, M.V.R., Gessner, A., Krusche, A.V., Victoria, R.L., Williams, M., Effects of land use on the water chemistry and macroinvertebrates in two streams of the Piracicaba River basin, south-east Brazil (2000) Freshwater Biology, 44, pp. 327-337Ongley, E.D., Booty, W.G., Pollution remediation planning in developing countries: Conventional modelling versus knowledge-based prediction (1999) Water Internacional, 24 (1), pp. 31-38Osburn, W., Toth, D., Boniol, D., Springs of the St. Johns River water management district (2002)PAHO (Pan-American Health Organization). 2002. Health in the Americas, 2002 Edition. Chapter V. The Environment and Public HealthPark, G.S., Park, S.Y., Long-term trends and temporal heterogeneity of water quality in tidally mixed estuarine waters (2000) Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40 (12), pp. 1201-1209Pettitt, A.N., A non-parametric approach to the change-point problem (1979) Applied Statistics, 28 (2), pp. 126-135Salomão, M.S.M.B., (2004) Biogeooquímica de Rios no Estado de São Paulo com Bacias de Drenagem Apresentando Diferentes Características de Ocupação do Solo, , Academic Press: Piracicaba, BrazilPaulo, S., (1993) Secretaria do Meio Ambiente. Relatório de qualidade de águas interiores do Estado de São Paulo, , São Paulo: CETESB225 pSão Paulo. 2000. Conselho Estadual de Recursos Hidricos de São Paulo. CETESB, 128pSen, P.K., Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau (1968) Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63, pp. 1379-1389Smith, R.A., Alexander, R.B., Lanfear, K.J., Stream water quality in the conterminous United States - status and trends of selected indicators during the 1980's. National Water Summary 1990-91 - Stream Water Quality (1993) U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, 2400, pp. 111-140(2002) Global Environment Outlook 3, , UNEP United Nations Environment Program, Earthscan: London(2000) Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report, , WHO, World Health Organization, 80pWilliams, M.R., Filoso, S., Martinelli, L.A., Lara, L.B., Camargo, P.B., Precipitation and river water chemistry of the Piracicaba River basin, Southeast Brazil (2001) Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, pp. 967-98

Duration-frequency relationships of heavy rainfall in Santa Catarina, Brazil

The purpose of this study was to adjust equations that establish relationships between rainfall events with different duration and data from weather stations in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. In this study, the relationships between different duration heavy rainfalls from 13 weather stations of Santa Catarina were analyzed. From series of maximum annual rainfalls, and using the Gumbel-Chow distribution, the maximum rainfall for durations between 5 min and 24 h were estimated considering return periods from 2 to 100 years. The data fit to the Gumbel-Chow model was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at 5 % significance. The coefficients of Bell's equation were adjusted to estimate the relationship between rainfall duration t (min) and the return period T (y) in relation to the maximum rainfall with a duration of 1 hour and a 10 year return period. Likewise, the coefficients of Bell's equation were adjusted based on the maximum rainfall with a duration of 1 day and a 10 year return period. The results showed that these relationships are viable to estimate short-duration rainfall events at locations where there are no rainfall records

Estimativas de chuvas intensas para o Estado de Goiás Intense rainfall estimates for the Goiás State, Brazil

A ausência de estações pluviográficas e de séries históricas longas, tem levado os Engenheiros à utilização de metodologias que permitam expressar a relação intensidade-duração-freqüência de precipitações críticas. Com o objetivo de estimar as alturas de chuvas intensas, associadas a uma duração e freqüência, desenvolveu-se uma rotina computacional para ajustar os parâmetros do modelo de Bell para alguns municípios do Estado de Goiás. Para tal, empregaram-se séries históricas de precipitações diárias e de relações intensidade-duração-freqüência disponíveis para alguns municípios. Determinou-se, também, a relação entre a precipitação de 60 minutos e 1 dia de duração, para um período de retorno de dois anos. As informações geradas neste trabalho foram regionalizadas, permitindo a geração de mapas temáticos, visando a estimar a altura precipitada-duração-freqüência para as localidades desprovidas de registros. Para os municípios estudados, o modelo de Bell se ajustou-se perfeitamente, apresentando alternativa interessante na obtenção das alturas de chuvas intensas a partir de séries curtas. A reconstrução do modelo de Bell a partir da regionalização dos parâmetros ajustados permitiu a ampliação das equações que expressam a relação entre a precipitação máxima para diferentes durações e o período de retorno com baixos valores no erro-padrão da estimativa.<br>The absence of pluviograph stations and of long historical series has induced engineers to use methodologies that allow them to express the intensity-duration-frequency relation of critical rainfalls. With the purpose of estimating the height of intense rain associated to a given duration and frequency, it was developed a computational routine to adjust the parameters of the BellÂ’s model to some municipal districts of the Goiás State. For such work it was employed historical series of daily precipitation and intensity-duration-frequency relations available to some municipal districts. It was also determined the relation between the precipitation of sixty minutes and one day duration for two years return period. The information obtained in this work was regionalized, allowing the generation of thematic aiming to estimate the rainfall height-duration-frequency relation for the places without registrations. The BellÂ’s model perfectly adjusted to the municipal districts that were studied, becoming an interesting alternative concerning to acquiring the height of intense rain from short series. The reconstruction of BellÂ’s model based on the regionalization of the adjusted parameters allowed the expansion of the equations that express the relation between the maximum precipitation for different durations and the return period with low values in the standard error of the estimate

Simulação da precipitação diária para Parnaíba e Teresina, PI, em planilha eletrônica Daily rainfall simulation in Parnaíba and Teresina - Brazil, using a spreadsheet

Os estudos envolvendo precipitação pluviométrica são bastante dificultados devido ao fato das séries históricas disponíveis serem, na maioria dos casos, muito pequenas para efetuá-los. Desta forma, faz-se necessário dispor de uma técnica de simulação estocástica que possibilite a geração de valores diários de precipitação, utilizando-se uma planilha eletrônica. No Estado do Piauí, estudos com esse objetivo são inexistentes, razão por que este trabalho tem o objetivo de simular a precipitação pluviométrica diária para as regiões de Parnaíba e Teresina, PI, através de uma planilha eletrônica. O processo de simulação se baseou no método de Monte Carlo. A ocorrência da precipitação foi determinada através da cadeia de Markov, enquanto a sua magnitude foi estimada pelas funções de distribuição de probabilidades gama e empírica. O modelo utilizado proporcionou estimativas com excelente precisão e exatidão, fato comprovado pelos resultados satisfatórios quanto aos índices de desempenho estatísticos.<br>The studies involving rainfall are quite difficult to conduct due to the fact that the available historical series, in most of the cases, are too small to make them. Thus, it is necessary to adjust a stochastic simulation technique that facilitates the generation of daily rainfall values, using a spreadsheet. In Piauí State, studies with this objective are inexistent for its several regions of agricultural importance. This work was executed with the objective of simulating the daily rainfall for the regions of Parnaíba and Teresina - PI, Brazil, using a spreadsheet. The simulation process was based on Monte Carlo's method. The occurrence of the rainfall was determined through a Markov chain, while its magnitude was estimated by gamma and empirical distribution functions. The model used provided estimates with excellent precision and accuracy, checked by satisfactory results of the statistical performance index