Vaccination in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis – Part I

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is a chronic disease, and in the evaluation of all other health and vital processes, decisions should be made by considering the disease process and the drugs used by the patient. Since vaccination can be performed at every stage of life, from childhood to adulthood, immune system activity, except where it is characteristic of the vaccine, should be reviewed in patients with MS. In this review, the applications of different vaccines in individuals with MS are discussed in two separate sections

Kuartz mineralinden karbotermal indirgeme ve nitrürleme yöntemi ile Si3N4 üretimi ve sinterlenmesi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Anahtar kelimeler: Kuartz, Silisyum nitrür, Toz metalurjisi, Karbotermal ndirgeme,Nitrürleme, SinterlemeSilisyum nitrür (Si3N4), yüksek mukavemet, sertlik, asınma direnci, yorulma ömrü,1800°C 'ye kadar gösterdigi kararlılık, düsük ısıl genlesme katsayısından dolayımükemmel ısıl sok direnci gibi üstün özellikleri olan bir bilesiktir. Son 30 yıl içindebu malzeme üzerine yapılan çalısmalar artan bir hızla yogunlasırken ortaya çıkan enönemli problem toz haldeki Si3N4 malzemeden yüksek yogunlukta parça üretimininoldukça zor olmasıdır. Oysa söz konusu üstün özellikler önemli ölçüde üretilenparçanın yogunluguna baglıdır. Si3N4 kovalent bag yapısına sahip oldugu içinsinterleme esnasında tozların birbirine difüze olmaları oldukça zordur. Bu nedenleSi3N4'den yüksek yogunlukta parça üretimi için sıcak presleme, sıcak izostatikpresleme veya Si3N4'e belirli oranlarda MgO, Y2O3, Al2O3 ve CeO gibi metaloksitler katılması gerekmektedir [1].Bu çalısmada kuartz mineralinden karbotermal indirgeme ve nitrürleme yöntemikullanılarak silisyum nitrür tozu üretimi için islem degiskenleri optimize edilmis,kuartz tozunun ögütülmesinin karbotermal indirgeme ve nitrürleme islemi sonrasında-silisyum nitrür tozu dönüsümüne etkisi incelenmis, üretilen silisyum nitrürtozlarını belirli katkı elemanları ile belirli oranlarda karıstırarak, bu katkıelemanlarının silisyum nitrür'ün yogunlasmasına etkileri incelenmistir.Keywords: Quartz, silicon nitride, powder metalurgy, carbothermal reductionnitridation,sinteringSilicon nitride have high strength, hardness, wear resistance, fatigue life, thermalstability up to 1800ºC, because of low thermal expansion coefficient, excellentthermal shock resistance. In the last 30 years, this material have had a great interest.However, the main problem is production of bulk material, has high density, fromsilicon nitride powder. Properties of silicon nitride ceramic mentioned above arerelated to density of produced part. Due to the fact that Si3N4 has covalent bond,during sintering proses, diffusing each other of Si3N4 powders is difficult. Thus, hotpressing, hot isostatic pressing or pressureless sintering with various oxide additives(MgO, Y2O3, Al2O3 and CeO) as sintering aids are needed for sintering of Si3N4powders.The object of this study is Si3N4 powder production from quartz mineral viacarbothermal reducing and nitridation proces (CRN). After powders produced byCRN proces were grinded, effect of grinding on - Si3N4 transformation wasinvestigated. Additives as sintering aids were added to Si3N4 powders produced anddensificaton behavior of these mixtures were investigated

Choosing Old and New Antiepileptic Drugs in Epilepsy Treatment

OBJECTIVE: According to recent studies old antiepileptic drugs used without alternative in the treatment of epilepsy, seems to leave their place to new antiepileptic drugs during last two decades. The present study aimed to investigate whether the results of those studies hold any truth in clinical practice. METHODS: Medical records of patients that present to our clinic with the diagnosis of epilepsy between 2001 and 2007 were investigated retrospectively. RESULTS: Data on 1358 patients were evaluated. Among them, 1120 (82%) patients had monotherapy and 238 (18%) patients had polytherapy. The results were grouped by initial treatment dates: 552 of 603 (86%) patients used old antiepileptic drugs and 92 (14%) used new antiepileptic drugs between 2000 and 2007; 467 of 483 (95%) patients used old antiepileptic drugs and 24 (5%) used new antiepileptic drugs between 1995 and 1999; 270 of 272 (99%) used old antiepileptic drugs and 3 (1%) used new antiepi- leptic drugs prior to 1994. CONCLUSION: When the patients that received monotherapy were grouped by initial treatment dates the rate of new antiepileptic drug use was 10%, although old antiepileptic drugs were still the first choice. There was a significant increase in the use of new an- tiepileptic drugs as adjuvant treatment in patients with polytherapy in the last year

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New 4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Conclusion: New aminoindane thiazolidinone derivatives have been designed, synthesized and evaluated as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. According to the results, these compounds can be conceivable as new candidates for the treatment of the illness that CAI and CAII enzyme inhibitors are used in the treatment

IMPACT OF CARBAZOLE P-LACTAM DERIVATIVES ON PARAOXONASE-1 ACTIVITY

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL). PON1 has the ability to inhibit lipid peroxides and to hydrolyze a wide variety of substrates such as esters, thioesters, phosphotriesterases, carbonates, lactones and thio lactones. We hypothesized that whether paraoxonase hydrolyses some carbazole P-lactam compounds or not. For this purpose, human serum paraoxonase (hPON1) was purified from human serum blood via two step procedure by using ammonium sulphate precipitation and sepharose-4B-L-tyrosinel-napthylamine-chromatograpy. The in vitro effects of P-lactam compounds on paraoxonase 1 (PON1) were investigated using paraoxon substrate. The results showed that carbazole P-lactam derivatives positively modulated paraoxonase enzyme activity. Among the compounds, 3g and 3h on PON enzyme were found to be the most powerful activators

Clinical Characteristics of Seizures in Epilepsy after Stroke: Prognosis and Treatment

Objectives:The aim of the present study was to determine demographic properties and risk factors for early- and late-onset seizures, as well as the effects of these factors on prognosis of patients with post-stroke epilepsy.Methods:Only patients with post-stroke epilepsy were included in this retrospective study. Demographic properties, stroke type, time interval between stroke and onset of seizure, neuroimaging, EEG characteristics, antiepileptic therapy, and prognosis were assessed.Results:Forty-five patients were included; 23 (51%) were female, and 22 (49%) were male. Mean age of study population was 64.6±1.3 (23–84). Sixty percent (n=27) of patients had early-onset seizures, and 40% (n=18) had late-onset seizures. Thirty-four patients had an ischemic stroke, and 11 had a hemorrhagic stroke. Most prevalent etiologic factor in the ischemic strokes was a cardioembolic stroke (15%). Middle-cerebral-artery infarcts were the most frequently observed arterial stroke region. In hemorrhagic stroke lobar, hemorrhages (54%) were more prevalent, and 87% of patients received monotherapy. Levetiracetam was the most commonly preferred medication, followed by carbamazepine, valproic acid, and oxcarbazepine, in descending order. Of the early-onset seizures, 63% were controlled with medication, as were 55% of the late-onset seizures. A statistically significant difference was observed between post-stroke localization and timing of seizure.Conclusion:Post-stroke seizures may present as early- or late-onset due to various underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and prognostic properties. These seizures are affected by a variety of factors and are frequently controlled with monotherapy

The association of the circle of Willis anomaly and risk of stroke in patients with carotid artery disease

ABSTRACT The circle of Willis is an important collateral system that maintains perfusion to the stenotic area from the contralateral carotid and basilar artery to the region of reduced brain perfusion. The aim of the present study was to compare the circle of Willis anomaly in patients with unilateral symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery disease. Results In this retrospective study, we analyzed 175 patients who presented at our outpatient stroke clinic between January, 2013 and June, 2015 with either unilateral symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid artery disease, and who had had CT angiography imaging performed. Demographic properties, carotid artery stenosis and the anomaly of the circle of Willis was recorded. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery disease in terms of the anomaly of the circle of Willis

The association of the circle of Willis anomaly and risk of stroke in patients with carotid artery disease

<div><p>ABSTRACT The circle of Willis is an important collateral system that maintains perfusion to the stenotic area from the contralateral carotid and basilar artery to the region of reduced brain perfusion. The aim of the present study was to compare the circle of Willis anomaly in patients with unilateral symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery disease. Results In this retrospective study, we analyzed 175 patients who presented at our outpatient stroke clinic between January, 2013 and June, 2015 with either unilateral symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid artery disease, and who had had CT angiography imaging performed. Demographic properties, carotid artery stenosis and the anomaly of the circle of Willis was recorded. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery disease in terms of the anomaly of the circle of Willis.</p></div

Vaccination in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis – Part II Multipl Skleroz Tanılı Bireylerde Aşılama – Bölüm II

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is a chronic disease, and in the evaluation of all other health and vital processes, decisions about vaccination should be made considering the disease process and the medications used by the patient. Since vaccination can be performed at any stage of life, immune system activity should be reviewed in patients with MS except where it is characteristic of the vaccine. In this review, the applications of different vaccines in patients with MS are discussed in two separate sections (part 1 was published in the previous issue)