Evaluating Opportunities When People are Uncertainty Averse

We consider the problem of ranking sets of alternatives. Standard approaches to this problem regard the addition of an alternative to a set containing one element as enhancing choice. We argue that this monotonicity axiom may not be desirable when an agent is uncertain as to the value of this additional alternative. We replace monotonicity with an uncertainty aversion axiom, and also introduce an axiom that produces lexicographic behaviour. These axioms, in conjunction with an independence axiom, enable us to prove a characterisation theorem. This theorem says that sets are ranked in terms of the number of uncertain elements that they contain, the fewer the better. This is the only ranking rule that satisfies our axioms.

Against Game Studies

The article explores the limitations of the current scholarly game studies (GS) field. Its central presuppositions are (1) that there are certain attributes broadly understood as “GS” by those writing in or adjacent to the field; (2) that those attributes are historically rooted in an attempt to disassociate videogames from other types of electronic (and later—digital) media; and that (3) the preconditions that have led to this split are currently moot. In the first section of this article, I elaborate on these presuppositions through reading GS as a historically rooted field, centred around the videogame artefact. Following, by examining the notion of being ‘against’ something in academic work, I move to my central claim for the article: that maintaining this conception of GS is counterproductive to the state of contemporary videogames scholarship and that adopting a post-dualistic and post-humanities stance will greatly contribute to the broadening of the field. I break down this claim into three separate threads. Ontologically, I show that videogames are much closer to non-videogames than they used to be. Methodologically, I point out how re-integrating methodologies from outside the field is crucial to address the complex phenomena evolved in and around gaming. Politically, I highlight the importance of games in contemporary digital culture and show how boundary-work and gatekeeping might harm the attempt to make game scholarship engage with larger political issues. The article concludes with suggestions for a more inclusive and intermingled vision for the field, focusing on the notion of play rather than games

Rape, Sexual Slavery, and Forced Marriage at the International Criminal Court: How \u3cem\u3eKatanga\u3c/em\u3e Utlilizes a Ten-Year-Old Rule but Overlooks New Jurisprudence

The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 with the explicit goal of prosecuting some of the world\u27s greatest violations of international law. In its inception, the ICC embraced legal principles established by other ad hoc tribunals, such as the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, although in the ten years of its existence, it has yet to apply those accepted rules. And while accepting the elements rape and sexual slavery by the ICC has cemented those principles in the first international criminal court of its kind, other issues, such as forced marriage, have been ignored. This Note explores the history and progression the of the standards of international prosecution of rape sexual slavery as they have evolved into being codified by the ICC and contend that such codification remains necessary to promote the standardization of prosecution of sexual crimes, to provide the victims of these atrocities with tangible results and faith in the international legal system, and to continue on the path of establishing rape and sexual violence as distinct jus cogens norms. This Note then discusses the recent evolution and prosecution of the crime of forced marriage and recommends that forced marriage should be enumerated as a particular crime under sexual slavery as opposed to being recognized as a distinct crime on its own