Charakterisierung der Ca 2+ -Transportaktivität des sarkoplasmatischen Retikulums nach experimentellem Myokardinfarkt

Zur Charakterisierung der myokardialen SR Ca2+-Transportaktivität nach experimentellem Myokardinfarkt wurde 10-15 Wochen alten Ratten die linke Koronararterie unterbunden und sechs Wochen später die Funktion und Expression der Ca2+-ATPase des sarkoplasmatischen Retikulums untersucht. Ein Teil der Tiere wurde mit dem Carnitin-Palmitoyl-Transferase-1- Inhibitor Etomoxir behandelt, der die mitochondrale Oxidation von langkettigen Fettsäuren hemmt und dadurch verstärkt Glukoseoxidation bewirkt. Diese Stoffwechselumstellung sollte die Schädigung der myokardialen Funktion und die gestörte zelluläre Ca2+-Homöostase nach Myokardinfarkt vermindern. Die mit Etomoxir behandelten Tiere wiesen nach sechs Wochen eine deutlich verminderte Infarktgröße auf. Durch die CPT-1-Hemmung entstand eine starke biventrikuläre Hypertrophie. Darüber hinaus ergaben sich Hinweise auf den Erhalt einer normalen Wandspannung des linken Ventrikels und einer verbesserten Kontraktilität gegenüber der unbehandelten Gruppe. Unter Etomoxir zeigte die für die diastolische Ca2+ Senkung verantwortliche ATP-abhängige Ca2+-Rückbindung in das SR verbesserte Transportraten. Damit korrelierte der immunchemisch gemessene erhöhte SERCA2a-Proteinspiegel. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß es infolge einer Behandlung mit Etomoxir nach Myokardinfarkt zu einer verbesserten Zellstoffwechsellage des ischämisch nicht irreversibel geschädigten Myokards kommt. Dafür scheint die verstärkte Glukoseoxidation bei Hemmung der Oxidation langkettiger Fettsäuren im Herzmuskel verantwortlich zu sein. Die Größe des infarzierten Areals wird begrenzt, dadurch lassen sich zum Teil verbesserte hämodynamische Parameter und gesteigerte SR Ca2+-Transportraten und SERCA2a-Proteinspiegel erklären. Auf die Hämodynamik hat sicherlich auch die durch Etomoxir erfolgte myokardiale Hypertrophie einen wesentlichen Einfluß. Für weitere Studien bleibt abzuklären, durch welchen Mechanismus Etomoxir seine verbessernde Wirkung nach Myokardinfarkt entfaltet. Außerdem ist zu prüfen, ob nach akutem Myokardinfarkt beim Menschen mit dem Prinzip der chronischen Verschiebung der myokardialen Substratverwertung von Fettsäure- nach Glukoseoxidation eine verbesserte Überlebensrate und das Hinauszögern bzw. Verhindern einer Dekompensation des Herzens zu erreichen ist.To characterise the activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ after myocardial infarction the left coronary artery of 10-15 week old male rats was ligated; six weeks later function and expression of the SR Ca2+-pump ATPase (SERCA2a) transport in the surviving myocardium was investigated. Part of the animals were treated with the carnithin palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) inhibitor etomoxir (8mg/kg/d for six weeks) to decrease the oxidation of long chain fatty acids. Due to the drug-induced shift from fatty acid to carbohydrate utilization an attenuated myocardial dysfunction and an improved SR Ca2+ handling homeostasis in the surviving myocardium could be expected. The etomoxir treated rats showed a decreased infarct size six weeks after coronary ligation. Due to CPT-1 inhibition a significant biventricular hypertrophy was observed. In addition, the treatment normalized elevated LVEDP and improved contractility. Compared to sham-operated controls treatment with etomoxir caused an enhanced SR Ca2+ uptake activity that correlated with increased immunoreactive SR Ca2+-ATPase levels. The results suggest that chronic inhibition of CPT-1 after myocardial infarction improves the metabolism of reversible damaged tissue. It appears that increased oxidation of glucose and inhibition of long chain fatty acid oxidation is responsible for this effect. Limitation of the infarct size induces improvement of haemodynamic parameters, increases SR Ca2+ uptake and protein levels of SERCA2a. Further studies are required to find out whether etomoxir is able to delay the development of congestive heart failure in humans and whether it could decrease mortality in patients after myocardial infarction

Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT): a prospective multicentre observational study in 261 hospitals in Europe

Background Little is known about the incidence of severe critical events in children undergoing general anaesthesia in Europe. We aimed to identify the incidence, nature, and outcome of severe critical events in children undergoing anaesthesia, and the associated potential risk factors. Methods The APRICOT study was a prospective observational multicentre cohort study of children from birth to 15 years of age undergoing elective or urgent anaesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures. Children were eligible for inclusion during a 2-week period determined prospectively by each centre. There were 261 participating centres across 33 European countries. The primary endpoint was the occurence of perioperative severe critical events requiring immediate intervention. A severe critical event was defined as the occurrence of respiratory, cardiac, allergic, or neurological complications requiring immediate intervention and that led (or could have led) to major disability or death. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01878760. Findings Between April 1, 2014, and Jan 31, 2015, 31 127 anaesthetic procedures in 30 874 children with a mean age of 6.35 years (SD 4.50) were included. The incidence of perioperative severe critical events was 5.2% (95% CI 5.0-5.5) with an incidence of respiratory critical events of 3.1% (2.9-3.3). Cardiovascular instability occurred in 1.9% (1.7-2.1), with an immediate poor outcome in 5.4% (3.7-7.5) of these cases. The all-cause 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 10 in 10 000. This was independent of type of anaesthesia. Age (relative risk 0.88, 95% CI 0.86-0.90; p<0.0001), medical history, and physical condition (1.60, 1.40-1.82; p<0.0001) were the major risk factors for a serious critical event. Multivariate analysis revealed evidence for the beneficial effect of years of experience of the most senior anaesthesia team member (0.99, 0.981-0.997; p<0.0048 for respiratory critical events, and 0.98, 0.97-0.99; p=0.0039 for cardiovascular critical events), rather than the type of health institution or providers. Interpretation This study highlights a relatively high rate of severe critical events during the anaesthesia management of children for surgical or diagnostic procedures in Europe, and a large variability in the practice of paediatric anaesthesia. These findings are substantial enough to warrant attention from national, regional, and specialist societies to target education of anaesthesiologists and their teams and implement strategies for quality improvement in paediatric anaesthesia