Awareness of HIV/AIDS among rural women in a south Indian community

A total of 120 women in the sexually and economically productive age group of 15-45 years, belonging to Meppedu, a rural place, 45 Km away from Chennai city were interviewed by means of structured interview schedule, just to find out the basic knowledge of these women about HIV/AIDS. Only 70.00 per cent of them knew it is the name of a disease, and 26.00 per cent of them were aware of the organism which is causing this disease. Only 41.00 per cent of the women were aware of the mode of transmission of AIDS, and 34.00 per cent were aware of the medium of HIV transmission. However, 76.00 per cent of the women had the knowledge of who are the high risk for HIV/AIDS. 48.00 per cent of the women were aware of the preventive measures for HIV infection. On the whole, it was observed in this study that the awareness on HIV/AIDS among the rural women was not high

Relationships of Animals with Humans in Sangam Literature

It is impossible for created beings in the world to function independently of each other. Among them, the relationship between humans and non-human beings has an inseparable bond. During the Sangam age, the relationship between humans and animals was more prevalent than between human beings. Such contact led human beings to think of animals as their relations. The Sangam literature itself bears testimony to the fact that these animals became an endless path in the journey of life of the ancient peoples. This study is intended to show the present and future people the relationship that arose in the state of helping the human race and the life of the animals, and the way in which people regarded themselves as family relations because of their superior feelings of love, affection, sharing, and warmth

Perceptions on tuberculosis and its cure among the government welfare sector providers in Chennai, city, South India

Objective - To study the perceptions on cure regarding tuberculosis (TB) among the employees working in Adi dravidar and Tribal Welfare department, Government of Tamil Nadu. Design - An interview schedule was used to collect the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and the data on their knowledge on symptoms, cause, mode of infection, diagnosis, treatment for TB and their perceptions on cure were collected. Results - Among the 71 employees working in the Tamil Nadu government welfare origination, only ninety two percent of them have heard of the disease called TB. Forty three percent reported that cough as the main symptom, 37% reported TB was caused by germs. Out of 97% who were aware there was treatment available for TB, only 72% reported TB was curable. Disappearance of symptoms (12%) and feeling alright (25%) were perceived as the cure of TB. Only 26% reported completing the treatment for the prescribed period as cure of TB. Misconceptions reported on cure of TB were abstaining from smoking (95%), from alcohol (89%) from sex (17%) and tobacco (98%). Conclusions - This study suggests for strengthening the need to educate the community in general and the other government sector in specific on symptoms and cure of TB

BIOPROSPECTING OF MARINE SPONGE (CALLYSPONGIA DIFFUSA) FOR ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUND.

Objective: Marine sponges are a rich source of new antimicrobial drugs. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the marine sponge (Callyspongia diffusa) against human pathogenic bacteria and to analyze the presence of bioactive compounds in the sponge.Methods: Antibacterial activity of the marine sponge C. diffuser was examined using petroleum ether, chloroform, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, and water as solvents and tested against human pathogenic bacteria such as Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus by agar well diffusion method. Zoochemical analysis was performed to screen for the presence of secondary metabolites. Bioactive compounds were purified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.Results: The results obtained show that the sponge extracts had significant antibacterial activity against the tested strains. The methanol extract was found to be the most effective and exhibited the highest potency against all pathogens tested. Zoochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, and sterols. In TLC, spots corresponding to a Rf value of 0.67 were found to possess antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. GC-MS chromatogram showed seven major peaks at retention time of 12.69, 13.81, 24.21, 24.65, 28.01, 28.93, 30.87 minutes. The mass of the compounds and fragments were matched with the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) database for identification of probable compounds present in the sample. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds in the sponge.Conclusion: This study confirms the marine natural species provides an excellent source of bioactive metabolites that can exploit to develop novel and potential therapeutic agents

Socio-economic impact of parental tuberculosis on children

The impact of parental pulmonary tuberculosis on children was studied from a larger study of socioeconomic effects of the disease. The effect in children was studied in respect of 1) social, economic and demogaphic characteristics of the parents (who were patients), 2) the child care functions of mothers who were patients and 3) effect on children's education. In all. 276 children of 167 tuberculous parents were studied The socio-eeonomic and demographic characteristics were generally the same as are cornmonly seen. The child caring on the part of mothers fell from 64% to 35% for rural females and from 74% to 33% for urban females; 11% of children (8% rural, 13% urban) dropped out of school, significantly higher in famlies with 5 or more members and children living with both parents compared to single parent; 34% of study parents could not buy school books or adequate food because of loss of income and 20% of the children were obliged to take up jobs in order to supplement income

Antibacterial activity of Jania rubens from Gulf of Mannar, south coast of India

Seaweeds are primarily explored for pharmaceutical and functional applications. This is due to the bioactive properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, anticancer and antilipidemic beneficial for such industries. Most of the countries surrounded by coastal regions have indicated a growth of research on seaweeds to utilize them in drug development. The present study was conducted to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Jania rubens against bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris. It is a slender, rose pink, articulated, calcified fronds, in ordered bunches to 50 mm high. Epiphytic, only found growing epiphytically on older plants of the brown algae. The antibacterial activity was analysed by the agar disc diffusion method. The ethanol extract of J. rubens was separated based on activity directed fractionation to isolate the principle bioactive compound. The fraction was purified under Thin layer chromatography and characterized by Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry. The mean zone of inhibition produced by the ethanol extract in disc diffusion assay against bacterial strains ranged from 9.0 to 26 mm. The highest mean zone of inhibition (26.00±0.56 mm) was observed against E. faecalis. The extract was further separated using Water, n-hexane and Ethanol. The fraction showed the antibacterial activity was characterized as 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(1-methyl-2-2imidazolyl)-1H-benzimidazole predominantly by GC-MS

Antibacterial activity of Jania rubens from Gulf of Mannar, south coast of India

451-458Seaweeds are primarily explored for pharmaceutical and functional applications. This is due to the bioactive properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, anticancer and antilipidemic beneficial for such industries. Most of the countries surrounded by coastal regions have indicated a growth of research on seaweeds to utilize them in drug development. The present study was conducted to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Jania rubens against bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris. It is a slender, rose pink, articulated, calcified fronds, in ordered bunches to 50 mm high. Epiphytic, only found growing epiphytically on older plants of the brown algae. The antibacterial activity was analysed by the agar disc diffusion method. The ethanol extract of J. rubens was separated based on activity directed fractionation to isolate the principle bioactive compound. The fraction was purified under Thin layer chromatography and characterized by Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry. The mean zone of inhibition produced by the ethanol extract in disc diffusion assay against bacterial strains ranged from 9.0 to 26 mm. The highest mean zone of inhibition (26.00±0.56 mm) was observed against E. faecalis. The extract was further separated using Water, n-hexane and Ethanol. The fraction showed the antibacterial activity was characterized as 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(1-methyl-2-2imidazolyl)-1H-benzimidazole predominantly by GC-MS

Using Metric Distance Ranking Method to Find Intuitionistic Fuzzy Critical Path

Network analysis is a technique which determines the various sequences of activities concerning a project and the project completion time. The popular methods of this technique which is widely used are the critical path method and program evaluation and review techniques. The aim of this paper is to present an analytical method for measuring the criticality in an (Atanassov) intuitionistic fuzzy project network. Vague parameters in the project network are represented by (Atanassov) intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. A metric distance ranking method for (Atanassov) intuitionistic fuzzy numbers to a critical path method is proposed. (Atanassov) Intuitionistic fuzzy critical length of the project network is found without converting the (Atanassov) intuitionistic fuzzy activity times to classical numbers. The fuzzified conversion of the problem has been discussed with the numerical example. We also apply four different ranking procedures and we compare it with metric distance ranking method. Comparison reveals that the proposed ranking method is better than other raking procedures

Algorithms for Classification of VM migration scheme Inner Cloud Data Centre

Cloud computing has become increasingly popular among the widely deployment of multiple cloud infrastructures. Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) cloud computing replaces bare hardware. The user will use cloud virtual machines (VM) to fulfill your computing needs. In this paper, we investigate how to reduce fragments of resources and the resources allocated in data centers. Therefore, a new scheme for estimating the VM migration to effectively reduce resources fragments the resources is proposed. The scheme improves the utilization of servers in data centers. Moreover, our proposed scheme can be applied to multiple resources. Among software components in the IaaS cloud stack, the module resource migration is very important as selecting appropriate virtual machine and place to run virtual machines. This paper focuses on the study and classification algorithms used in module resource migration. Questions of how to apply these algorithms are also discussed