Renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: controversy and consensus

Renal replacement therapies (RRTs) represent a cornerstone in the management of severe acute kidney injury. This area of intensive care and nephrology has undergone significant improvement and evolution in recent years. Continuous RRTs have been a major focus of new technological and treatment strategies. RRT is being used increasingly in the intensive care unit, not only for renal indications but also for other organ-supportive strategies. Several aspects related to RRT are now well established, but others remain controversial. In this review, we review the available RRT modalities, covering technical and clinical aspects. We discuss several controversial issues, provide some practical recommendations, and where possible suggest a research agenda for the future

In vivo transcription of the E. coli uvrB gene: both promoters are inducible by UV.

The transcriptional activity of the tandem promoters of the Escherichia coli uvrB gene was measured in vivo. Both promoters are shown to be inducible by UV irradiation. P1, the most proximal promoter, is responsible for the main part of transcription both in uninduced and induced cells. Plasmids have been constructed carrying small deletions in the lexA binding site that overlaps with P2, the distal promoter. These deletions result in constitutive transcription from P1. This indicates that the DNA region which contains P2 functions mainly as a target site for regulation of P1 transcription in vivo