20 research outputs found
Investigating the diet of Mesolithic groups in the Southern Alps: An attempt using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses
Stable isotopic data (ÎŽ13C; ÎŽ15N) were obtained from Mesolithic human and faunal remains from north- eastern Italy in order to document the human diet and provide information on the relationship between landscape use and subsistence strategies. The bone samples were from an adult female individual (Early Mesolithic, Late Sauveterrian) buried at Vatte di Zambana (Trento), an adult male (Late Mesolithic, Castelnovian) buried at Mondeval de Sora (Belluno), and an adult female from Mezzocorona Borgonuovo (Trento). For the latter, the stratigraphic position of the burial pit and evidence of the associated ritual suggest a Mesolithic attribution. Carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) stable isotope compositions of human bone collagen were compared with those of animal remains from different taxa found in stratigraphic association with the burial. The isotopic data and the Bayesian model developed from the latter and from data in the literature indicate a very significant proportion of terrestrial resources in the protein fraction of the human diet, particularly from red deer compared to other ungulates and potentially from freshwater fish and small mammals. These results add to the information provided by zooarchaeological studies and reopen the debate on the role of secondary resources such as chamois, ibex, small mammals and fish, such as pike, in the diet of these mobile human societies. However, as this is a preliminary study based on a very small sample size, interpretations should be considered with caution.Les compositions isotopiques en carbone et en azote (ÎŽ13C ; ÎŽ15N) ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es sur des restes osseux humains et animaux du MĂ©solithique dans le nord-est de lâItalie afin de documenter lâalimentation de ces derniĂšres communautĂ©s de chasseurs-cueilleurs et les liens entre lâenvironnement et les stratĂ©gies de subsistance. Les restes osseux analysĂ©s proviennent dâune femme adulte (MĂ©solithique ancien, Sauveterrien rĂ©cent) inhumĂ©e Ă Vatte di Zambana (Trento), dâun homme adulte (MĂ©solithique rĂ©cent, Castelnovien) inhumĂ© Ă Mondeval de Sora (Belluno) et dâune femme adulte du site de Mezzocorona-Borgonuovo (Trento). La position stratigraphique de la sĂ©pulture Ă Mezzocorona-Borgonuovo ainsi que les pratiques funĂ©raires suggĂšrent une attribution au MĂ©solithique. Les ratios isotopiques du carbone et de lâazote du collagĂšne osseux des sujets humains ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s avec ceux dâanimaux de diffĂ©rentes espĂšces associĂ©s stratigraphiquement aux sĂ©pultures. Les rĂ©sultats isotopiques ainsi quâun modĂšle bayĂ©sien, rĂ©alisĂ© Ă partir de ces donnĂ©es et celles de la littĂ©rature, indiquent une contribution trĂšs significative des protĂ©ines animales du milieu terrestre, et surtout la consommation importante de cerfs par rapport aux autres ongulĂ©s, ainsi quâun rĂŽle potentiel des poissons dâeau douce et de petits mammifĂšres. Ces donnĂ©es complĂštent les informations apportĂ©es par les Ă©tudes archĂ©ozoologiques et relancent la discussion sur le rĂŽle secondaire que peuvent avoir le chamois, lâibex, les petits mammifĂšres et les ressources aquatiques, comme le brochet, dans la subsistance de ces nomades. Cette Ă©tude reste toutefois prĂ©liminaire et le faible corpus dâĂ©chantillons analysĂ©s nous amĂšne Ă considĂ©rer ces interprĂ©tations avec prudence
Contributo alla ricostruzione delle identitĂ regionali e della differenziazione sociale presso i gruppi di cacciatori-raccoglitori paleo-mesolitici. Studio della ritualitĂ funeraria in Italia e Francia e analisi degli isotopi stabili sul campione umano del versante alpino sud-orientale
The aim of this study is to provide a contribution to the reconstruction of the social
organisation of human groups who occupied the Italian peninsula between the end of the
Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene (30-6 kyr BP). The research focuses on
burial contexts and employs two different methodologies. The first one concerns the
study of the mortuary practices of hunter-gatherers in Italy during the Upper Palaeolithic
and the Mesolithic (78 burials, 89 individuals) and it includes the Mesolithic French
sample (57 burials, 89 individuals) by comparison. The analysis of the variability of
rituals allows to define a âfunerary normâ; the identification of changes of this norm in
time and space can infer transformations in the social and symbolical sphere of human
groups. The application of this approach has thus allowed: (1) to recognise the
appearance of ritual changes during the Late Epigravettian and the Mesolithic
corresponding to the environmental and climatic transformations that occurred in the
Late glacial and the Early Holocene; (2) to identify the presence of ethnic groups
characterised by different rituals over the analysed territory; (3) to infer the persistence
of local traditions along the time. The second method is based on stable isotope analysis
(!13C, !15N) which was applied to the Epigravettian and Mesolithic human and faunal
sample from the south-eastern Alps (Tagliente, Mezzocorona, Vatte di Zambana,
Mondeval de Sora). The reconstruction of the ancient diet is a source of knowledge of the
dietary proteins consumed by the individuals and therefore of subsistence strategies; it
has therefore provided useful information about: (1) the adaptability of human
subsistence strategies to local environmental conditions and to climatic changes; (2) the
exclusion of marine resources from the diet of inland groups; (3) a different consumption
of terrestrial and freshwater-derived protein by Mesolithic male and female individuals;
as an hypothesis this difference can be connected to the different activities carried out by
individuals or to the existence of food restrictions. The data obtained by the anaysis of
mortuary practice and stable isotope analysis confirm the progressive reduction of the
occupied areas and the subsequent regionalisation of the hunter-gatherers at the end of
Pleistocene and the beginning of Holocene. This regionalisation is supposed to have an
impact on the social organisation of human groups
Quelle vie? Quelle mort? Traces de lâorganisation sociale des groupes chasseurs-cueilleurs reÌfleÌchie dans les pratiques funeÌraires de lâEpigravettien reÌcent et du MeÌsolithique dans la peÌninsule italienne.
Partant du principe selon lequel la pratique funeÌraire repreÌsente le fruit de lâinteraction de plusieurs facteurs (symbolique, social, environnemental), cette eÌtude a le but dâeÌlaborer une meÌthodologie capable non seulement de deÌcrire la variabiliteÌ des rites au cours du temps et dans lâespace, mais aussi de fournir de possibles infeÌrences sur lâorganisation sociale des groupes de chasseurs-cueilleurs. Trois principales preÌmisses theÌoriques sont aÌ la base de cette eÌtude: lâideÌe de lâexistence dâune sorte de miroir aÌ deux faces aÌ lâinteÌrieur duquel la socieÌteÌ des vivants se reÌfleÌchit dans celle des morts; le constat que les socieÌteÌs des chasseurs-cueilleurs puissent avoir deÌveloppeÌ de diffeÌrents niveaux dâorganisation (socieÌteÌs fondeÌes sur une forme sociale eÌgalitaire et communauteÌs « complexes », organiseÌs en groupes plus amples et sur une eÌchelle plus articuleÌe); enfin, la mise en eÌvidence des conseÌquences archeÌologiques qui marquent lâaugmentation de complexiteÌ (Price et Brown 1985), en particulier lâintensification dans la production, les changements dans les modaliteÌs dâoccupations du territoire et la diffeÌrentiation des status sociaux.
La meÌthodologie eÌlaboreÌe a utiliseÌ, pour la description et la comparaison des seÌpultures, une base de donneÌe organiseÌe en trois sections: identification et position chronostratigraphique, analyse anthropologique, eÌleÌments du rituels. Cette meÌthodologie a eÌteÌ appliqueÌe aÌ un eÌchantillon de seÌpultures de lâEpigravettien reÌcent et du MeÌsolithique de la peÌninsule italienne (pour un total de 17 sites et 61 inhumations) dans le but dâatteindre une inteÌgration entre les donneÌes funeÌraires et les informations des autres eÌvidences archeÌologiques (technologie lithique, modeÌles dâoccupation du territoire, culture « visuelle » etc.).
Les reÌsultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en eÌvidence une remarquable variabiliteÌ des rituels, en tant que reflet de lâinteraction de facteurs socio-culturels complexes. Si les diffeÌrences au niveau de reÌpartition geÌographique semblent teÌmoigner la preÌsence sur le territoire de âgroupes ethniquesâ, celles dâordre diachronique, ainsi que variabiliteÌ de speÌcifiques contextes funeÌraires, pourraient repreÌsenter le reflet de variations dans lâorganisation sociale
Alimentation humaine au Paléolithique supérieur : premiÚres données isotopiques du site de Riparo Tagliente (Verone, Italie)
International audienceThis article reports results of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/ 14N) stable isotope analysis performed on the bone collagen of a Late Epigravettian human individual and 11 faunal remains from the Upper Palaeolithic deposits of Riparo Tagliente (Verona, Italy). Riparo Tagliente is located in Valpantena on the pre-alpine massif of Monti Lessini, at 250 m a.s.l. Its strategic position, about halfway from the plain and the top of the limestone plateau, has allowed the groups that occupied the site to exploit different ecosystems. The human skeleton comes from an incomplete burial excavated in 1973 and belongs to a young adult male. It is dated between 16,634 and 15,286 cal BP (OxA-10672). The ÎŽ13C (â18.4â°) and ÎŽ15N (13.0â°) values of the human individual are enriched compared to those of herbivores on average by +1.2â° in 13C and +10.0â° in 15N, and to the omnivores on average by +1.4â° in 13C and +7.2â° in 15N. Isotopic values would indicate an origin of proteins from terrestrial herbi-vores and high trophic level species. These data match with the results of taphonomic analyses carried out on the bone remains of herbivores, while the study of other species as fish is still in progress
Risultati preliminari dello studio del sito sauveterriano di Collecchio
Il sito di Collecchio, posto su un conoide alluvionale ai margini della Pianura Padana, allo sbocco della Val Taro, ha restituito, oltre a numerose evidenze neolitiche, un livello mesolitico che comprendeva piĂč di 7.500 manufatti litici, assieme a materiali organici combusti (carboni, resti faunistici e semi) e grumi di concotto. Lo studio dellâindustria litica consentirebbe di riferire il sito ad una fase antica del Sauveterriano, attribuzione di cui si attende conferma dalle datazioni in corso. I risultati finora ottenuti individuano Collecchio come un sito caratterizzato da unâoccupazione intensa e articolata, prevalentemente rivolta ad attivitĂ domestiche piuttosto che di tipo venatorio.The site of Collecchio is located at the mouth of the Taro valley on an alluvial fan at the southern margin of the Po Plain. It has yielded rich Neolithic evidence and a Mesolithic layer with more than 7,500 lithic artifacts, burnt organic materials (charcoal, faunal remains and seeds) and lumps of burnt clay. The study of the lithic assemblage has allowed the site to be dated to an ancient phase of the Sauveterrian. This attribution should be confirmed by radiometric datings which are still in progress. According to the results obtained so far, Collecchio is characterized by a complex and intense occupation mostly addressed to domestic activities rather than hunting practices.Le gisement de Collecchio, situĂ© sur un cĂŽne de dĂ©jection sur le bord de la plaine du PĂŽ, Ă lâembouchure de la vallĂ©e du Taro, a livrĂ© de nombreuses Ă©vidences nĂ©olithiques et un niveau mĂ©solithique contenant plus de 7.500 vestiges lithiques, des matĂ©riaux brĂ»lĂ©s (charbons de bois, restes fauniques et graines) et des fragments dâargile brĂ»lĂ©e. LâĂ©tude de lâindustrie lithique nous a permis de dater le site Ă une phase ancienne du Sauveterrien. Cette attribution devra ĂȘtre confirmĂ©e par les datations en cours. Les rĂ©sultats des Ă©tudes effectuĂ©es encadrent Collecchio comme un site caractĂ©risĂ© par une occupation intense et articulĂ©e, dans lequel les activitĂ©s domestiques semblent avoir un rĂŽle dominant par rapport aux pratiques de chasse
Human settlements in the Mediterranean and the sea level changes from 12 ka to the present
No abstract availabl
Experimental setup and protocol.
<p>(A) Wearable detection system consisting of a grid of 112 silver circular electrodes (14Ă8, diameter: 6 mm, inter-electrode distance: 15 mm) integrated into a stretchable textile sleeve with the 14 columns of electrodes placed around the forearm circumference. (B) Approximate position of the electrode matrix on the forearm. (C) Sensorized hand and forearm. The subjects had worn the sEMG textile detection system with the first column of electrodes in correspondence of the ulna and with the more proximal electrodes at approximately 2 cm from the elbow crease. A sensorized hand glove was used to record the kinematics of the hand and of the fingers. (D) The protocol consisted in 12 different cyclic dynamic tasks involving the wrist and index, middle, ring, and little fingers (see text for details). E) One example of wrist flexion/extension with the hand in prone position.</p
Example of the sEMG envelopes during a wrist flexion/extension task.
<p>The envelopes are shown for wrist flexion/extension with the hand in prone position (top) and in neutral position (middle). For each condition, the envelopes estimated for each movement cycle are shown superimposed (gray lines). The columns correspond to the electrode matrix columns (medio-lateral direction) while the rows corresponds to the rows of the electrode matrix (proximal-distal direction). On the bottom, in correspondence of each sEMG column, the wrist flexion/extension angle time courses for all movement cycles are represented superimposed. The black line represents the mean envelope/joint angle. The number near to each sEMG envelope is the CMC value calculated on all cycles. The envelopes show a good repeatability with CMC higher than 0.8 except for the bad channels. The missing channels are bad channels.</p