Key instruments of PR promotion of a region in the domestic tourism market in Russia (based on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan)

Contextualization: The study is devoted to the specifics of applying public relations tools in the promotion of the Republic of Tatarstan as a tourist destination. The features of PR technologies concerning the promotion of the territory are considered. Particular attention is paid to a retrospective analysis of the use of PR in managing the image of a tourist region and the attention of its potential target audience under the influence of macroeconomic, social, and geopolitical changes based on the example of Tatarstan.Objective: This study examines the regulatory and legal aspects of promoting Tatarstan as a tourist destination. It aims to assess the effectiveness of PR strategies within the framework of existing regulations and legal frameworks governing tourism promotion.Methods: The research employs a multifaceted approach, combining a retrospective analysis of macroeconomic, social, and political factors with an assessment of the legal and regulatory environment governing tourism promotion in Tatarstan. Data sources include official reports, statistical data, social network analysis, case studies, and a literature review.Results: Tatarstan has demonstrated success in promoting tourism and adapting its strategies in response to external challenges. Legal and regulatory frameworks have supported these efforts. Key findings include the region's pivot toward domestic tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic, effective engagement with media and digital platforms, and a focus on event tourism. The study also highlights the importance of continuous adaptation to changing circumstances for sustainable tourism promotion

Long-term influences of parental divorce on offspring affective disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The prevalence of divorce in Western countries has increased in recent decades. However, there is no recent systematic review and/or meta-analysis of studies testing for long-term effects of parental divorce on offspring affective disorders. The present study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published since 1980 testing for the association between parental divorce and offspring depression and anxiety in adulthood. Method: PUBMED, Science Direct, Medline, PsychInfo, and PsychArticles databases were searched for eligible studies. Random-effect meta-analyses were used to synthesize effect sizes and to test whether associations of parental divorce with offspring affective disorders differed among three publication periods (i.e., before 1996, 1996–2005, 2006–2015). Results: In total, 29 studies were eligible for the systematic review, and 18 studies were included in the meta-analyses (depression: n=21,581; anxiety: n=2472). There was significant association between parental divorce and offspring depression (OR=1.56; 95%CI [1.31, 1.86]), but not anxiety (OR=1.16; 95%CI [0.98, 1.38]). The effect of parental divorce on offspring depression was not weaker in the reports published in more recent decades. Limitations: There is limited research in relation to offspring anxiety in adulthood. Conclusions: Parental divorce is associated with an increased risk of adult offspring depression, with no indication of the effect being weaker in recent publications

Pubertal maturation and affective symptoms in adolescence and adulthood: evidence from a prospective birth cohort

The higher prevalence of affective symptoms among women compared to men emerges in adolescence, and it has been associated with pubertal maturation. However, it remains unclear whether pubertal timing has long-term influences on affective symptoms. Using data from the British 1946 birth cohort, we investigated whether pubertal timing was associated with affective symptoms over the life course, distinguishing those with symptoms in adolescence only, symptoms in adulthood only, and symptoms in both adolescence and adulthood. In females, there was no evidence that early pubertal maturation was a risk factor for affective symptoms. However, those with particularly late menarche (≥15 years) showed a lower risk of adult-onset affective symptoms (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.95). This effect of late pubertal timing was not explained by a range of socio-behavioural factors. In contrast, in males, late pubertal timing was associated with increased risk of adolescent-onset affective symptoms that tracked into adulthood (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.44, 3.06). This effect was partly explained by low pre-pubertal BMI. Sex-specific effects of pubertal timing on the long-term risk of affective symptoms might be due to different effects of gonadal hormonal on the CNS, as well as different social experiences during puberty

Bidirectional relation between affective symptoms and cognitive function from middle to late adulthood: a population-based birth cohort study

Objectives: There is an association between affective symptoms and cognition. However, the direction of this association remains unclear. This study aimed to test bidirectional relationships between affective symptoms and cognition from middle to late adulthood.Method: Data were available from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD), a prospective birth cohort of 5362 people born in 1946. Affective symptoms and cognition were measured at ages 53, 60-64, and 69. Latent scores of affective symptoms were derived and cross-lagged models were fitted for affective symptoms with verbal memory and processing speed. Results: Results revealed an inverse cross-sectional association between affective symptoms and verbal memory (β=-0.18, SE=0.04, p<.001) and processing speed (β=-0.13, SE=0.06, p=.05) at age 53, but not at ages 60-64 or 69. Affective symptoms at age 53 predicted lower verbal memory at age 60-64 (β=-0.58, SE=0.27, p=.03), and affective symptoms at age 60-64 predicted lower verbal memory (β=-0.64, SE=0.29, p=.03) and processing speed (β=-1.27, SE=0.41, p=.002) at age 69. Verbal memory and processing speed did not predict subsequent affective symptoms.Conclusion: Affective symptoms predict poorer verbal memory and processing speed over a period of 16 years, but not vice versa

Biodiversity of terrestrial cyanobacteria of the South Ural region

South Ural is a territory with a unique geographical position and heterogeneous natural conditions. Unexplored biodiversity of the terrestrial cyanobacteria of this territory is very high. We undertook a floristic study covering all botanical-geographical zones of the Bashkiria and Bredinskiy district of the Chelyabinsk region. In a total of 85 soil samples collected, 56 species of cyanobacteria were identified. The number of cyanobacteria was highest in the boreal-forest zone (39 species) and notably lower in the other zones (18, 29, and 24 species for broad-leaved forest, forest steppe and steppe regions, respectively). Leptolyngbya voronichiniana, Leptolyngbya foveolarum, cf. Trichocoleus hospitus, Pseudophormidium hollerbachianum, Nostoc cf. punctiforme, Microcoleus vaginatus, Phormidium breve, Phormidium dimorphum, Phormidium corium, and Leptolyngbya cf. tenuis were detected in all studied zones. Trichormus variabilis and Cylindrospermum majus were detected in the forest zone, Phormidium ambiguum was typical for forest-steppe and steppe zones, Pseudophormidium hollerbachianum and Nostoc cf. commune were most abundant in the steppe. Humidity and heterogeneity of the substrate were likely the most important factors influencing terrestrial cyanobacteria diversity. For full understanding of the biodiversity of cyanobacteria in the South Urals, future molecular-genetic research is necessary

Life course trajectories of affective symptoms and their early life predictors

BACKGROUND: Life course trajectories of affective symptoms (depression and anxiety) are heterogenous. However, few studies have investigated the role of early life risk factors in the development of these trajectories. The present study aimed to: (1) derive latent trajectories of affective symptoms over a period of more than 50 years (ages 13–69), and (2) examine early life risk factors for associations with specific life course trajectories of affective symptoms. METHOD: Participants are from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (n = 5,362). Affective symptoms were measured prospectively at ages 13, 15, 36, 43, 53, 60–64 and 69. A latent variable modelling framework was implemented to model longitudinal profiles of affective symptoms. Twenty-four prospectively measured early life predictors were tested for associations with different symptom profiles using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Four life course profiles of affective symptoms were identified: (1) absence of symptoms (66.6% of the sample); (2) adolescent symptoms with good adult outcome (15.2%); (3) adult symptoms only (with no symptoms in adolescence and late life) (12.9%); (4) symptoms in adolescence and mid adulthood (5.2%). Of the 24 early life predictors observed, only four were associated with life course trajectories, with small effect sizes observed. CONCLUSIONS: People differ in their life course trajectories of anxiety and depression symptoms and that these differences are not largely influenced by early life factors tested in this study

Affective problems and decline in cognitive state in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Evidence suggests that affective problems, such as depression and anxiety, increase risk for late-life dementia. However, the extent to which affective problems influence cognitive decline, even many years prior to clinical diagnosis of dementia, is not clear. The present study systematically reviews and synthesises the evidence for the association between affective problems and decline in cognitive state (i.e. decline in non-specific cognitive function) in older adults. An electronic search of PubMed, PsycInfo and ScienceDirect was conducted to identify studies of the association between depression and anxiety separately and decline in cognitive state. Key inclusion criteria were prospective, longitudinal designs with a minimum follow-up period of one year. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment using the STROBE checklist were conducted independently by two raters. A total of 34 studies (n=71,244) met eligibility criteria, with 32 studies measuring depression (n=68,793), and 5 measuring anxiety (n=4,698). A multi-level meta-analysis revealed that depression assessed as a binary predictor (OR=1.36, 95% CIs: 1.05-1.76, p=.02) or a continuous predictor (B=-0.008, 95% CIs: -0.015, -0.002, p=.012; OR=0.992, 95% CIs: 0.985-0.998) was significantly associated with decline in cognitive state. The number of anxiety studies were insufficient for meta-analysis and are instead described in a narrative review. Results of the present study improve current understanding of the temporal nature of the association between affective problems and decline in cognitive state. They also suggest that cognitive function need to be monitored closely in individuals with affective disorders, as these individuals may be at a particular risk of greater cognitive decline

Childhood chronic physical illness and adult emotional health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Childhood chronic physical illness is associated with a greater vulnerability for emotional problems (i.e., depression and anxiety) in childhood. However, little is known about life-long effects of childhood chronic physical illness on mental health. The present study aims to systematically review evidence for associations between eight chronic physical illnesses with childhood onset (arthritis, asthma, cancer, chronic renal failure, congenital heart disease, cystic fibrosis, type 1 diabetes, and epilepsy) and adult emotional problems. Methods: A database search of MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and ScienceDirect was undertaken, and random effects meta-analyses were used to synthesize evidence from eligible studies. Results: In total, 37 studies were eligible for the systematic review (n = 45,733) and of these, 34 studies were included into the meta-analyses (n = 45,358). There were overall associations between childhood chronic physical illness and adult depression (OR = 1.31; 95% CI [1.12, 1.54]) and anxiety (OR = 1.47; 95% CI [1.13, 1.92]). Separate meta-analyses for childhood asthma, type 1 diabetes and cancer were also conducted, with cancer being significantly associated with adult depression (OR = 1.19; 95% CI [1.00, 1.42]). Conclusions: The effects of childhood chronic physical illness on the risk of emotional problems persist beyond childhood and adolescence. Mental health prevention and intervention strategies targeting children with chronic physical illnesses can have long-term benefits

Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) functional haplotype is associated with recurrence of affective symptoms: A prospective birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphisms play an essential role in dopamine availability in the brain. However, there has been no study investigating whether a functional four-SNP (rs6269-rs4633-rs4818-rs4680) haplotype is associated with affective symptoms over the life course. METHODS: We tested this using 2093 members of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (MRC NSHD), who had been followed up since birth in 1946, and had data for COMT genotypes, adolescent emotional problems (age 13-15) and at least one measure of adult affective symptoms at ages 36, 43, 53, or 60-64 years. First, differences in the levels of affective symptoms by the functional haplotype using SNPs rs6269, rs4818, and rs4680 were tested in a structural equation model framework. Second, interactions between affective symptoms by COMT haplotype were tested under an additive model. Finally, a quadratic regressor (haplotype2) was used in a curvilinear model, to test for a possible inverted-U trend in affective symptoms according to COMT-related dopamine availability. RESULTS: Women had a significant interaction between COMT haplotypes and adolescent emotional problem on affective symptoms at age 53. Post hoc analysis showed a significant positive association between adolescent emotional problems and affective symptoms at age 53 years in the middle dopamine availability group (valA/valB or met/met; β = .11, p = .007). For men, no significant interactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of the COMT functional haplotype model and inverted-U model may shed light on the effect of dopaminergic regulation on the trajectory of affective symptoms over the life course

Cortisol and cognitive function in midlife: the role of childhood cognition and educational attainment

Adult cognition and age-related cognitive decline can be influenced by dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis with concomitant changes in cortisol levels. However, very little is known about the role of childhood cognition and educational attainment in this relationship. Using data from the British 1946 birth cohort, the present study investigated: (1) associations between cortisol levels and patterns and cognitive function in midlife; (2) direct and interactive effects of childhood cognition, educational attainment and cortisol on cognitive function in midlife. Verbal memory, letter search speed and reaction time were assessed at age 60-64 years. Salivary cortisol samples (wakening, 30 min after wakening and evening) were collected at the same age. Childhood cognitive ability was measured at ages 8, 11, and 15, and educational level was reported at age 26. Associations between cortisol, childhood cognition, educational attainment and cognitive function in midlife were tested using linear regression and structural equation modelling approaches. Higher evening cortisol level was associated with slower reaction time and lower verbal memory. These associations were independent of childhood cognition and education as well as a range of other potential confounders. Childhood cognition and education were not directly associated with evening cortisol. However, there was a significant interaction effect between childhood cognition and evening cortisol on reaction time (p=.002): higher evening cortisol was associated with slower reaction time only among those with low childhood cognitive ability. There was little evidence of associations between the other cortisol measures and cognitive function