Fin de l’élimination des poussins mâles d’un jour : le choix du sexage in ovo

Une problématique majeure de la filière avicole est l’absence de valorisation des frères des poules pondeuses, du fait de leur faible rendement en viande. Ce constat, qui questionne l’éthique de la production, concerne 50 millions de poussins mâles en France et 7,5 milliards dans le monde, ces animaux étant jusqu’à récemment, éliminés après sexage et tri à l’éclosion. Cette prise de conscience, largement médiatisée ces dernières années, a conduit à la publication d’un décret, le 5 février 2022, interdisant la mise à mort des mâles des lignées de l’espèce Gallus gallus destinées à la production des œufs de consommation. Trois alternatives ont été proposées depuis les premières réflexions sur le sujet : 1) élever les frères de pondeuses et identifier des marchés de valorisation, 2) créer de nouveaux croisements génétiques entre souches « Chair » et souches « Ponte » où les descendantes femelles seraient valorisées pour les œufs et les descendants mâles pour leur viande (souches « mixtes »), et 3) développer des outils de sexage in ovo (ou ovosexage) pour détecter puis éliminer les œufs contenant un embryon mâle avant éclosion. Cette dernière approche est la seule viable techniquement et économiquement parlant, et utilisable par la filière actuellement. Elle réunit de nombreux atouts, en termes de faisabilité pour la mise en œuvre dans les couvoirs, et d’acceptabilité à la fois par le consommateur, le citoyen et les professionnels. Cette revue fait le point sur le contexte socio-économique et les techniques d’ovosexage actuellement disponibles, tout en introduisant quelques repères physiologiques d’embryologie aviaire qui permettent de mieux comprendre les contraintes associées au développement de techniques à des stades précoces de développement

Data set for the proteomic inventory and quantitative analysis of chicken eggshell matrix proteins during the primary events of eggshell mineralization and the active growth phase of calcification

This research was funded by the French National Research Agency ANR (ANR-13-BSV6-0007-01, ANK-13-BSV6-0007-02 and ANK-13-BSV6-0007-05). The high resolution mass spectrometer was financed (SMHART project, 35069) by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the Conseil Regional du Centre, the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) and the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), ARN acknowledges funding through Grants CGL2011-25906 (Ministerio de Economia, Spain).Chicken eggshell is a biomineral composed of 95% calcite calcium carbonate mineral and of 3.5% organic matrix proteins. The assembly of mineral and its structural organization is controlled by its organic matrix. In a recent study [1], we have used quantitative proteomic, bioinformatic and functional analyses to explore the distribution of 216 eggshell matrix proteins at four key stages of shell mineralization defined as: (1) widespread deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), (2) ACC transformation into crystalline calcite aggregates, (3) formation of larger calcite crystal units and (4) rapid growth of calcite as columnar structure with preferential crystal orientation. The current article detailed the quantitative analysis performed at the four stages of shell mineralization to determine the proteins which are the most abundant. Additionally, we reported the enriched GO terms and described the presence of 35 antimicrobial proteins equally distributed at all stages to keep the egg free of bacteria and of 81 proteins, the function of which could not be ascribed.French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-13-BSV6-0007-01 ANK-13-BSV6-0007-02 ANK-13-BSV6-0007-05European Union (EU) 35069Region Centre-Val de LoireFrench National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)Ministerio de Economia, Spain CGL2011-2590

Understanding avian egg cuticle formation in the oviduct; a study of its origin and deposition

The cuticle is a unique invisible oviduct secretion that protects avian eggs from bacterial penetration through gas exchange pores. Despite its importance, experimental evidence is lacking for where, when, and what is responsible for its deposition. By using knowledge about the ovulatory cycle and oviposition, we have manipulated cuticle deposition to obtain evidence on these key points. Cuticle deposition was measured using staining and spectrophotometry. Experimental evidence supports the location of cuticle deposition to be the shell gland pouch (uterus), not the vagina, and the time of deposition to be within the final hour before oviposition. Oviposition induced by arginine vasotocin or prostaglandin, the penultimate and ultimate factors for the induction of oviposition, produces an egg with no cuticle; therefore, these factors are not responsible for cuticle secretion. Conversely, oviposition induced by GNRH, which mimics the normal events of ovulation and oviposition, results in a normal cuticle. There is no evidence that cuticle deposition differs at the end of a clutch and, therefore, there is no evidence that the ovulatory surge of progesterone affects cuticle deposition. Overall, the results demonstrate that the cuticle is a specific secretion and is not merely an extension of the organic matrix of the shell. Cuticle deposition was found to be reduced by an environmental stressor, and there is no codependence of the deposition of pigment and cuticle. Defining the basic facts surrounding cuticle deposition will help reduce contamination of hen's eggs and increase understanding of the strategies birds use to protect their eggs

E=M6 Prime time du 21 mars 2021 spécial agriculture

Emission spéciale agriculture E=M6. Reportage à l'UMR BOA et interview de Joël Gautro

Sciences de l'oeuf : de la poule au produit

National audienc

Le Cycle de formation de l'oeuf

Doctora

France Info, le billet sciences. Des scientifiques ont étudié la solidité de la coquille des oeufs de pintade qui sont les plus durs au monde

Interview de Joël GAUTRON par Anne Le Gall, journaliste à France InfoDes travaux menés par les chercheurs d'INRAE du Centre Val de Loire ont montré que les oeufs de pintade ont la particularité d'être formés par 2 épaisseurs de coquilles qui rend la propagation des fissures beaucoup plus difficile

The chicken eggshell quality

International audienc

France 5 : Documentaire les oeufs dans le plat. Interview Joël Gautron

Reportage et interview Joël Gautron pour un reportage en prime time sur France

What are the challenges that faces the egg in the next decade?

International audienceThere has been a strong consumer demand to take welfare into account in animal production, including table eggs. This is particularly true in Europe and North America but increasingly around the world. We review the main demands that are facing the egg industry driven by economic, societal and sustainability goals. We describe solutions already delivered by research and those that will be needed for the future. Already table egg consumption patterns have seen a major shift from cage to non-cage production systems because of societal pressures. These often feature free range and organic production. These changes likely signal the future direction for the layer sector with the acceleration of the conversion of cage to barn and aviary systems with outdoor access. This can come with unintended consequences from bone fracture to increased disease exposure, all requiring solutions. In the near future, the laying period of hens will be routinely extended to improve the economics and environmental footprint of production. Many flocks already produce close to 500 eggs per hens in a lifetime, reducing the number of replacement layers and improving the economics and sustainability. It will be a challenge for scientists to optimise the genetics and the production systems to maintain the health of these hens. A major ethical issue for the egg industry is the culling of male day-old chicks of layer breeds as the meat of the males cannot be easily marketed. Much research has and will be devoted to alternatives. Another solution is elimination of male embryos prior to hatching by in ovo sexing approaches. The race to find a sustainable solution to early stage sex determination is on. Methods based on sex chromosomes, sexually dimorphic compounds and spectral properties of eggs containing male or female embryos, are being researched and are reviewed in this article. Other proposed solutions include the use of dual-purpose strains, where the males are bred to produce meat and the females to produce eggs. The dual-purpose strains are less efficient and do not compete economically in the meat or egg market, however, as consumer awareness increases viable markets are emerging. These priorities are the response to economic, environmental, ethical and consumer pressures that are already having a strong impact on the egg industry. They will continue to evolve in the next decade and if supported by a strong research and development effort, a more efficient and ethical egg laying industry should emerge