Circular representation of the <i>M</i>. <i>hansupus</i> complete genome.

<p><b>Circles</b> (from inside to outside) <b>1 and 2</b> (GC content; black line and GC skew; magenta and green lines), <b>circle 3</b> (<i>M</i>. <i>hansupus</i>; red circle); <b>circle 4</b> (mapped <i>Myxococcus fulvus</i> HW-1 genome with <i>M</i>. <i>hansupus</i> genome; green circle); <b>circle 5</b> (mapped <i>Myxococcus xanthus</i> DK1622 genome with <i>M</i>. <i>hansupus</i> genome; purple circle); <b>circle 6</b> (mapped <i>Myxococcus xanthus</i> DZF1 genome with <i>M</i>. <i>hansupus</i> genome; Orange circle); <b>circle 7</b> (mapped <i>Myxococcus xanthus</i> DZ2 genome with <i>M</i>. <i>hansupus</i> genome; blue circle); <b>circle 8</b> (mapped <i>Myxococcus stipitatus</i> genome with <i>M</i>. <i>hansupus</i> genome; yellow circle). BRIG 0.95 was used to build the circular representation [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0148593#pone.0148593.ref053" target="_blank">53</a>]. Mapping studies were done using BLASTn with an E-value cut-off 1e^-5.</p

Assembly statistics for <i>M</i>. <i>hansupus</i>.

<p>Assembly statistics for <i>M</i>. <i>hansupus</i>.</p

A binary map depicting cluster of homologous proteins among all genomes.

<p>A binary map depicting cluster of homologous proteins among all genomes.</p

Venn diagram of comparative annotations of <i>Myxococcus xanthus</i> DK1622 using RAST, Glimmer, xBASE and the original NCBI annotation.

<p>All genome annotations were mapped to each other using BLASTp [E-value cutoff: 1e^-5]. The diagram depicts the homologous proteins shared between two or more annotations (overlapping area) along with unique proteins (yellow shade). RAST, Glimmer, xBASE and the original NCBI annotations are shown in brick red, green, orange and blue colors respectively. The number of annotated proteins using the respective annotation pipeline is shown in the box.</p

General features of genus <i>Myxococcus</i> genomes as annotated by RAST.

<p>General features of genus <i>Myxococcus</i> genomes as annotated by RAST.</p

Phylogeny based on housekeeping proteins.

<p>Twenty-eight concatenated housekeeping proteins were used to generate ML based phylogenetic tree using MEGA 6.06 [model: JTT matrix; bootstrap: 100]. <i>Corallococcus coralloides</i> DSM 2259, <i>Cystobacter fuscus</i> DSM 2262, <i>Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans</i> 2CP-C, <i>Sorangium cellulosum</i> Soce56, and <i>Bdellovibrio exovorus</i> JSS were used as outgroup species in this study. Bootstrap values corresponding to the tree nodes are provided.</p

Presentation_1_Diversity and Evolution of Myxobacterial Type IV Pilus Systems.PDF

<p>Type IV pili (T4P) are surface-exposed protein fibers that play key roles in the bacterial life cycle via surface attachment/adhesion, biofilm formation, motility, and development. The order Myxococcales (myxobacteria) are members of the class Deltaproteobacteria and known for their large genome size and complex social behaviors, including gliding motility, fruiting body formation, biofilm production, and prey hunting. Myxococcus xanthus, the best-characterized member of the order, relies on the appropriate expression of 17 type IVa (T4aP) genes organized in a single cluster plus additional genes (distributed throughout the genome) for social motility and development. Here, we compared T4aP genes organization within the myxobacteria to understand their evolutionary origins and diversity. We found that T4aP genes are organized as large clusters in suborder Cystobacterineae, whereas in other two suborders Sorangiineae and Nannocystineae, these genes are dispersed throughout the genome. Based on the genomic organization, the phylogeny of conserved proteins, and synteny studies among 28 myxobacterial and 66 Proteobacterial genomes, we propose an evolutionary model for the origin of myxobacterial T4aP genes independently from other orders in class Deltaproteobacteria. Considering a major role for T4P, this study further proposes the origins and evolution of social motility in myxobacteria and provides a foundation for understanding how complex-behavioral traits, such as gliding motility, multicellular development, etc., might have evolved in this diverse group of complex organisms.</p

Data_Sheet_4_Diversity and Evolution of Myxobacterial Type IV Pilus Systems.PDF

<p>Type IV pili (T4P) are surface-exposed protein fibers that play key roles in the bacterial life cycle via surface attachment/adhesion, biofilm formation, motility, and development. The order Myxococcales (myxobacteria) are members of the class Deltaproteobacteria and known for their large genome size and complex social behaviors, including gliding motility, fruiting body formation, biofilm production, and prey hunting. Myxococcus xanthus, the best-characterized member of the order, relies on the appropriate expression of 17 type IVa (T4aP) genes organized in a single cluster plus additional genes (distributed throughout the genome) for social motility and development. Here, we compared T4aP genes organization within the myxobacteria to understand their evolutionary origins and diversity. We found that T4aP genes are organized as large clusters in suborder Cystobacterineae, whereas in other two suborders Sorangiineae and Nannocystineae, these genes are dispersed throughout the genome. Based on the genomic organization, the phylogeny of conserved proteins, and synteny studies among 28 myxobacterial and 66 Proteobacterial genomes, we propose an evolutionary model for the origin of myxobacterial T4aP genes independently from other orders in class Deltaproteobacteria. Considering a major role for T4P, this study further proposes the origins and evolution of social motility in myxobacteria and provides a foundation for understanding how complex-behavioral traits, such as gliding motility, multicellular development, etc., might have evolved in this diverse group of complex organisms.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Diversity and Evolution of Myxobacterial Type IV Pilus Systems.XLSX

<p>Type IV pili (T4P) are surface-exposed protein fibers that play key roles in the bacterial life cycle via surface attachment/adhesion, biofilm formation, motility, and development. The order Myxococcales (myxobacteria) are members of the class Deltaproteobacteria and known for their large genome size and complex social behaviors, including gliding motility, fruiting body formation, biofilm production, and prey hunting. Myxococcus xanthus, the best-characterized member of the order, relies on the appropriate expression of 17 type IVa (T4aP) genes organized in a single cluster plus additional genes (distributed throughout the genome) for social motility and development. Here, we compared T4aP genes organization within the myxobacteria to understand their evolutionary origins and diversity. We found that T4aP genes are organized as large clusters in suborder Cystobacterineae, whereas in other two suborders Sorangiineae and Nannocystineae, these genes are dispersed throughout the genome. Based on the genomic organization, the phylogeny of conserved proteins, and synteny studies among 28 myxobacterial and 66 Proteobacterial genomes, we propose an evolutionary model for the origin of myxobacterial T4aP genes independently from other orders in class Deltaproteobacteria. Considering a major role for T4P, this study further proposes the origins and evolution of social motility in myxobacteria and provides a foundation for understanding how complex-behavioral traits, such as gliding motility, multicellular development, etc., might have evolved in this diverse group of complex organisms.</p

Comparative representation of homologous protein distribution within the genomes.

<p>Proteome dataset from each genome was subjected to BLASTp to identify homologous proteins between the genomes with an E-value cutoff of 1e-5, query coverage of 50% and identity of 35%. Protein distribution between different combinations of genomes was identified and is represented as a 3D-graph. X, Y and Z-axis respectively denote genome name, the number of proteins and the genome combination.</p