Inverse modelling for parameter estimation and experiment design

Inverse modelling forced itself on the attention of scientists in the 1960s with the advent of satellites and other revelatory technologies, despite their putative ill-posedness, when it became clear that estimation of parameters of a system not in themselves directly observed but extractable from their signatures in measured data, constituted an ineluctable problem of modern society. This paper begins by formulating the basic statement of inverse problems which have a generic form and leads through philosophical and analytical approaches to their possible solutions that are inherently non-unique. Finally, an example is provided for inverse modelling of the shear wave velocity structure of the crust beneath the ancient granites around Hyderabad from an analysis of reverberations caused by it that appear in the early part of broadband seismograms

Effect of Cypermethrin on Enzymes in Muscles of Channa Punctatus

In the present study, biochemical data has been generated and tested with statistical software. This will highlight the pollutional effects of commonly used pesticides. These pesticides harm the fish health and these fishes finally eaten by human beings and they may get affected by pesticide toxicity. If we assess the harmful effects of pesticide on fish health, we can postulate the harms may be caused in human beings. With this point of view, the effect of cypermethrin is analysed on enzymes using muscle tissue sample of fish Channa punctatus

Altered splicing of CEACAM1 in breast cancer: Identification of regulatory sequences that control splicing of CEACAM1 into long or short cytoplasmic domain isoforms

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), a cell adhesion molecule expressed in a variety of cell types is a putative tumor suppressor gene. Alternative splicing of CEACAM1 generates 11 different splice variants, which include 1–4 ectodomains with either short or long cytoplasmic domain generated by the exclusion (CEACAM1-S) or inclusion (CEACAM1-L) of exon 7. Studies in rodents indicate that optimal ratios of CEACAM1 splice variants are required to inhibit colonic tumor cell growth.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show that CEACAM1 is expressed in a tissue specific manner with significant differences in the ratios of its short (CEACAM1-S) and long (CEACAM1-L) cytoplasmic domain splice variants. Importantly, we find dramatic differences between the ratios of S:L isoforms in normal breast tissues versus breast cancer specimens, suggesting that altered splicing of CEACAM1 may play an important role in tumorogenesis. Furthermore, we have identified two regulatory <it>cis</it>-acting elements required for the alternative splicing of CEACAM1. Replacement of these regulatory elements by human β-globin exon sequences resulted in exon 7-skipped mRNA as the predominant product. Interestingly, while insertion of exon 7 in a β-globin reporter gene resulted in its skipping, exon 7 along with the flanking intron sequences recapitulated the alternative splicing of CEACAM1.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results indicate that a network of regulatory elements control the alternative splicing of CEACAM1. These findings may have important implications in therapeutic modalities of CEACAM1 linked human diseases.</p

Geodetic contributions to the study of seismotectonics in India

Earthquakes in India are caused by the release of elastic strain energy created and replenished by the stresses resulting from India's collision with Asia. Accumulating strain distorts the surface of the Indian plate, which despite its slow development can now be detected using precision geodesy. The largest and most severe earthquakes occur on the boundaries of the Indian plate to the east, north and west of the subcontinent. Historically, these areas have been somewhat neglected by precise geodesy and it is only recently that suitably dense networks capable of spanning entire plate boundaries have been developed. Earthquakes within the subcontinent, though devastating, have also remained unserved by historical geodesy in India because the rupture areas of these events are small and have tended to occur between networks of adequate precision. Since 1990, the widespread availability of GPS geodesy has resulted in a number of significant findings related to the translation, deformation and rotation of the Indian plate, and to deformation of its margins. The next decade is likely to see the uncertainties of these estimates fall by a factor of 4, permitting estimates of changes of rate in space and time. We discuss these new findings and their historical antecedents, and identify current trends in seismogeodetic research that are likely to contribute to a new understanding of future Indian earthquakes